WFB-X Rulebook

There's no such thing as a three-sided die. To roll a D3, roll a D6 and halve the result, rounding up: 1-2 = 1, 3-4 = 2, 5-6 = 3.

Two special dice exist: the artillery die (faces of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and a Misfire result) and the scatter die (arrows plus a Hit! face). Both are mostly used for war machines such as cannons and stone throwers.

Except where a rule specifically says otherwise, neither the artillery die nor the scatter die can be re-rolled.

Whenever a dice result, characteristic, or other value has to be divided, any fraction is always rounded up. A 2D6 roll of 7, halved, is 4 (3.5 rounded up). 10% of a unit of 51 models, rounded up, is 6 models.

A modifier like D6+1 means roll the die and add (or subtract) that amount from the result. A number of dice like 2D6 or 3D6 means roll that many dice and add all of them together -- a 2D6 roll produces a total of 2-12. A multiplier like D6x5 means roll the die, then multiply the result by that amount.

Re-rolling means picking a die back up and rolling it again -- the second result stands even if it's worse than the first. No single die can ever be re-rolled more than once, no matter how many different sources of re-roll apply to it. Re-rolling a 2D6 or 3D6 roll means re-rolling every die in it, not just some of them, unless the rule granting the re-roll says otherwise.

If one side has a rule granting a re-roll and the other has a rule forcing a re-roll of successful results, the two cancel each other out entirely for as long as both apply -- no re-rolls happen at all. If the two abilities aren't equally powerful, the re-roll itself may be re-rolled once, so both still get to have an effect.

Each player rolls a die; whoever scores highest wins the roll-off. On a tie, both players re-roll (any modifiers that applied to the first roll apply again) until someone wins.

To randomly select between several things (models, magic items, spells, etc.), assign a D6 result to each option and roll to make the choice. With fewer than six options, simply re-roll any result that doesn't match one of the assigned numbers.

Casualties are removed from the back rank first. If the unit is down to a single rank, remove models evenly from each end instead.

If a model that needs to stay in a fighting rank (a champion or another character, for example) would otherwise leave a gap, the nearest other model immediately steps in to fill it.

Every model has a forward, flank, and rear arc based on the direction it's facing -- used to work out what it can attack, and which side an enemy can charge it from. The arcs are formed by 45-degree lines from each corner of the base, splitting it into four 90-degree quadrants. A unit's own facing simply follows its models' facing.

Unit Strength measures a model's relative size and power, for things like rank bonus and flanking. For most models, it's simply the model count. Unusually large creatures (Trolls, chariots, and so on) count for more -- multiply the number of models by that model's own Unit Strength value (see the Troop Types chapter). A unit mixing models with different Unit Strengths just adds them all together.

Line of sight is whether a model can actually see its target -- needed for any attack, whether melee, shooting, or magic. There must be a clear, unblocked line from the model's own forward arc to the target's base. A model with a higher Line of Sight value can see past (and be seen past) models or terrain that only has a lower one.

When two or more rules would trigger at exactly the same moment, resolve them together if that's possible. If it isn't, whichever player's turn it is chooses the order they're resolved in.

Every model is described by nine characteristics, each rated from 0 to 10 -- they can never go lower or higher than that range. If a spell or special rule raises or lowers a characteristic, use the new value for as long as that effect lasts. This doesn't apply to weapons themselves (see Weapons and Armour).

Often just called Move, this is how many inches a model can move under normal circumstances. A Man has Move 4 (M4); a horse, being far faster, has M8.

How skilled a warrior is with their weapons, or how vicious and determined a monster is in a fight -- the higher the value, the more likely the model is to hit an opponent in close combat. An ordinary Man has WS3; a battle-hardened hero might have WS4, WS5, or higher.

How accurate a warrior is with ranged weapons like bows or handguns -- the higher the value, the easier it is to hit with a missile attack. An ordinary Man has BS3; a keen-eyed Elf has BS4. Some monsters with natural ranged attacks (spitting venom, for example) use BS to determine whether they hit too.

How strong a creature is -- an exceptionally puny creature might have Strength 1, while a mighty Giant has S6. Men have S3. Strength governs how hard a model hits and how easily it wounds an opponent in close combat.

A creature's ability to resist physical damage and pain -- the tougher a model is, the better it withstands an enemy's blows. A normal Man has T3; a Treeman, with its tough wooden flesh, has an incredible T6.

How much damage a creature can take before it dies or is too badly hurt to keep fighting. Most Men and man-sized models have W1. Large monsters and mighty heroes can often withstand several wounds that would slay a smaller creature, with W2, W3, W4 or more.

How fast a creature reacts. A low Initiative (Orcs, I2) means slow and cumbersome; a high one (Elves, I5) means quick and agile. Humans have I3. In close combat, Initiative decides the order in which models strike.

How many times a model attacks in close combat. Most warriors and creatures have A1, though elite troops, monsters, or heroes may strike several times with A2, A3, or more.

How courageous, determined, and self-controlled a model is -- a low value means unruly or downright cowardly. Men have an average Ld7, while the easily-frightened Night Goblins have only Ld5.

A characteristic value of 0 (sometimes shown as a dash, "-") means the model has no ability at all in that regard -- most commonly BS0/"-" for a creature that can't use missile weapons, but it can apply to any characteristic.

A Weapon Skill of 0 means the model can't defend itself in close combat at all -- any attack against it hits automatically. If a model's Strength, Toughness, or Wounds is ever reduced to 0 or below by magic or a special rule, it's slain outright and removed from play.

First, agree on an army and a points value to play at. In a pitched battle, both players' armies should be built to the same points value -- you may bring less than that total, but never more.

Table size scales with the size of the game -- a standard 2,500 point game plays best on a 72" x 48" table.

Place terrain first. There's no strict rule for how much, but a good guideline is one piece for every 24" x 24" of table. Players take turns placing pieces, and once terrain is down, both players should agree what each piece actually represents, so everyone knows what rules apply to it.

After terrain is placed, decide which side of the table each player deploys on -- normally the two longer edges. Both players roll a die; the higher roll picks a table side and deploys the first unit. Players then alternate placing units until both sides are finished.

Every unit (other than Characters) costing less than 50 points must be placed all at once. Characters are placed together, after every other unit is deployed, though they may be split across different locations or units within the deployment zone. Units should be placed at least 1" apart, so it's clear where one ends and another begins.

Once deployment is finished, both players roll a die to see who goes first -- whoever used fewer deployment drops adds +1 to their result. If the roll is tied, re-roll until someone wins.

A standard game lasts 6 full turns, each made up of both players taking their own Movement, Magic, Shooting, and Close Combat phases. Once all 6 turns are complete, tally casualties and any completed objectives to determine the winner (see the Scenarios chapter for other battle types).

Players alternate acting with their forces -- one player moves and fights with everything they have, then the other does the same, repeating until the battle ends.

Each player's own turn always resolves in the same four phases, in this order: Movement, Magic, Shooting, Close Combat. Everything you want to move happens first, then spells are cast, then shooting is resolved, then finally close combat -- keeping this order consistent makes it clear what's happening and when one player's actions end and the other's begin.

A complete game turn is actually two player turns, one per side, each with its own Movement, Magic, Shooting, and Close Combat phases.

Whenever a rule -- in this book, a Warhammer Armies book, or an expansion -- just says "turn," it means a single player's own turn. If it means the full two-player round instead, it will say "game turn" explicitly.

Occasionally something breaks from the normal phase order above -- resolved as it happens rather than waiting for its usual phase, or requiring both players to act at the same time. One player's action might even trigger something else entirely, such as a troop type suddenly appearing or a special rule activating. When this happens, the rule causing the exception explains exactly how to resolve it.

Work through each sub-phase in order, completing one fully before moving to the next -- within a sub-phase, you may act with your units in whatever order you like. Each unit normally only acts in one sub-phase per turn (aside from Start of Phase), unless a special rule says otherwise.

1. Start of Phase -- some models have actions that must happen right at the start of the turn.
2. Charge -- declare and resolve any charges into close combat.
3. Compulsory Moves -- moves the controlling player has no choice over, most often fleeing.
4. Remaining Moves -- everything else: ordinary movement.

The player first resolves anything that must happen at the very start of the Movement phase. Few models have such rules -- when they do, the details are given in that model's own entry in its Warhammer Armies book. With nothing to resolve, this sub-phase doubles as a natural pause between turns to tidy the battlefield -- clearing stray casualties, errant dice, and other gaming clutter.

A unit may move straight ahead any distance up to its Movement characteristic (M), in inches. Every model in a unit moves as one -- individual models can never leave their unit -- so if models with different Move values somehow end up in the same unit, the whole unit uses the slowest one.

Units are cumbersome and don't turn on a dime: models (and units) must move forward in a straight line unless they're performing a manoeuvre (see below).

While moving, a unit can't approach closer than 1" to another unit -- friend or foe -- or to impassable terrain. It may still pivot on the spot, as long as it doesn't end the pivot within 1" of a unit or impassable terrain; if the pivot would bring it into contact, the model must be moved back afterward to restore that 1" gap (or, if it's trapped between two obstacles, the OTHER unit may be moved back instead, if possible). A unit already in close combat can never be moved back this way -- if neither unit can give ground, the pivot simply can't be made.

This rule doesn't apply to charge moves, since the whole point of a charge is to reach base contact. A unit can end up within 1" of a unit it didn't charge as a side effect of charging one it did -- that's fine, though you may want to nudge units apart afterward just to keep things visually clear.

Two manoeuvres let a unit change direction or rearrange its ranks: the wheel and the reform. Neither can be performed if it would bring the unit within 1" of another unit, and no model in the unit may move more than twice its Movement rate as a result of one (a model with Move 4 can move up to 8" this way).

A wheel is a basic turn, pivoting the whole unit around one of its front corners -- often the best way to make a modest change of direction while still advancing. The leading edge of the formation swings forward like the spoke of a turning wheel, ending the manoeuvre facing a new direction.

During the Remaining Moves sub-phase, a wheel is measured by the distance moved by the outside model of the front rank. Once the wheel is finished, any remaining movement can still be used. A unit that isn't charging can wheel more than once during its move, and can mix forward movement with wheeling, as long as it has the movement to spare. Units may never wheel backwards.

Giving up all other movement and shooting, a unit can completely rearrange itself to face any direction. The leader gives the order, and the troops move to adopt a new formation -- keeping the unit's centre point fixed, it can be arranged into as many ranks as you like, facing whichever way you wish. As with a wheel, no model may move more than twice its Movement rate.

A reform is a complex manoeuvre -- it normally uses up the unit's whole turn, preventing any further movement and stopping it firing missile weapons in the Shooting phase.

At the very start of a battle there's unlikely to be anything in charge range yet, and no models fleeing either. Unless a special rule is in play, or a unit (like a Chaos Spawn) always moves in the Compulsory Moves sub-phase, you can skip straight to Remaining Moves on the first player turn.

Pick one of your units and announce which enemy unit it's charging. Except in rare cases, you're never forced to charge -- but charging is the only way to reach close combat; you can't simply move into contact without declaring one.

You may always measure the distance between a potential charger and target before deciding whether to declare the charge. To declare it, one or more models in the charging unit must have line of sight to the target, and the target must lie at least partially within the charger's forward arc.

Most units can charge, but a unit already fighting in close combat cannot, and a handful of other situations (fleeing, certain special rules) can also prevent it -- these are rare, and explained wherever they apply.

A unit can't declare an impossible charge -- one it plainly can't complete, either because the target is beyond its maximum possible charge range, or because something in the way (another unit, impassable terrain) makes it impossible to reach base contact. If the obstruction is another unit that might plausibly move out of the way before the charge happens, the charge still counts as "possible" and can be declared (you still need line of sight to declare it, though). Working out whether a charge is possible requires knowing how a charge move is actually completed -- covered below.

A unit that's had a charge declared against it must Hold, or make a charge reaction: Stand & Shoot, or Flee. A unit that doesn't declare a reaction is always treated as Holding. Once a target's charge reaction is resolved, the charging player may declare another charge with a different unit, and so on until all their charges are declared.

A unit that Holds stands its ground to receive the charge -- normally the choice for a unit without missile weapons that fancies its chances in the coming fight. A unit already in close combat can only Hold. Holding units don't move at all; they simply await the charge.

A unit with missile weapons may ready them and fire a volley into the charger instead -- but only if the range to the enemy is greater than the charging unit's Move characteristic, since aiming and firing takes time.

A Stand & Shoot reaction resolves as a normal (if out-of-sequence) shooting attack against the charger, including any resulting Panic test; afterward, the unit is treated as having Held. It can even be declared against a charger that started beyond the shooting unit's maximum range -- resolved as if the charger were just within the range of its shortest-ranged weapon; if the charge then fails, assume the chargers closed to that range before being driven off.

There's rarely a downside to Stand & Shoot over simply Holding -- picking off a few attackers before they arrive is usually worth it.

A Flee reaction is exactly what it sounds like -- the unit turns and runs rather than receive the charge. It's not always voluntary: a unit that's already fleeing must declare Flee again, and some especially terrifying enemies can force it regardless of choice (see Terror).

To resolve a Flee reaction: first turn the unit about its centre to face directly away from the centre of the charging unit (ignoring other units/terrain) -- this turn is free and doesn't reduce the flee distance. Then the unit flees 2D6" in the direction it's now facing (as covered under Move Fleeing Units in the Compulsory Moves sub-phase).

Fleeing doesn't guarantee escape -- a poor flee roll against a good charge roll can still see the unit caught, as covered later.

If the charged unit Flees, or is destroyed for any reason, the charger may either try to complete the charge against the now-fleeing (or empty) target, or redirect against a different viable target (which reacts normally). If that second target also flees, the charge can be redirected back to the original fleeing unit instead. If there's no other suitable target, the charge simply can't be redirected. A unit may only redirect once per turn.

If a fleeing unit touches (or crosses) the edge of the battlefield, the whole unit is removed from play and counts as destroyed -- the survivors are assumed to scatter, regrouping only once the battle is over.

Normally a charge targets a single enemy unit. But if there's genuinely no way to complete the charge against one target without also touching another (sometimes called "clipping"), the charger must declare against both. Each target resolves its own charge reaction, in whichever order its controller chooses -- as always, a unit that doesn't declare a reaction is assumed to Hold.

A unit charged by several enemies in the same Charge sub-phase may have to make several charge reactions. It can only Stand & Shoot once per sub-phase (no time to reload) -- but that doesn't have to be against the first charger; a unit could Hold against the first charge, Stand & Shoot against the second, and even Flee from a third. Once a unit Flees (or starts the phase already fleeing), it must declare and resolve Flee against every further charge that turn -- though it only actually makes one Flee move per phase.

With every charge reaction declared and resolved, it's time to see which charges actually connect. A charge can fall short for any number of reasons -- the unit becomes disordered, hesitates, or simply loses momentum. Work through declared charges one at a time, in whichever order the active player chooses, resolving each charge fully before moving to the next (except when several units are charging the same target).

A unit's charge range is its Movement value plus 2D6, picking the higher of the two dice. If that range is equal to or greater than the distance to the target, the charge succeeds; if it's less, the charge fails.

A faster unit can therefore charge further than a slow one, and every unit can charge further than its plain Move value, representing an all-out effort to reach the enemy (and no small amount of luck). For example, a unit with Movement 4 that rolls a 2 and a 5 can charge up to 9" that turn -- which is exactly why charges get riskier at longer range.

Measure from the charger's and target's closest points along an uninterrupted line between them. If several enemy units are being charged at once, the rolled range must be enough to reach all of them, or the charge only resolves against whichever targets are actually in range.

A unit that fails its charge has started toward the enemy but realises partway through that it can't cover the distance, and its momentum peters out. It moves directly toward the target a number of inches equal to the higher of the two charge dice (rolling a 2 and a 5 means a 5" move), wheeling around any impassable terrain or units -- friend or foe -- by the shortest route.

A successful charger moves into base contact with its target, straight ahead, though it may make one wheel of up to 90° during the move and a further wheel of any angle once in contact -- bringing as many models from both units into base contact as possible. There's no limit on how far a successful charger can move; it's already been confirmed to be within range.

The wheel may be used to angle the unit against the target's own facing however you like, but it can't be used to reduce the number of models brought into contact, unless there's genuinely no other way to avoid intervening units or terrain. Notably, a charging unit is allowed to end up within 1" of a unit other than the one it's charging -- the only time that's normally permitted.

Charging in the way described above will usually leave the two units in contact at an awkward angle, with a gap between them -- in reality, both sides would immediately close that gap to get at each other, so that's exactly what happens in the game.

Once the charger contacts the target, it makes a second, bonus wheel (if needed) to bring its front facing fully into line with the target's facing, maximising models in contact on both sides. The one exception: if a unit below Unit Strength 5 is charged by a unit of Unit Strength 10 or more, the charged unit aligns to the charger instead of the other way around.

Charging an enemy in the flank or rear is especially effective -- an attack from an unexpected direction gives a real advantage in the fight to come.

Whether a charge hits the forward, flank, or rear is fixed by the charger's position the moment the charge is declared: inside the target's forward zone means a forward charge (the most common case, since units usually start facing each other); from the flank zone, a flank charge; from the rear zone, a rear charge. This is worked out before charges are declared, so check it beforehand. If a charging unit straddles two zones, use wherever the majority of its front rank models actually are -- roll a die if there's no clear majority.

Sometimes a charger can reach its target but can't "close the door" because something else -- another unit or a piece of terrain -- is in the way. The charging player should try to complete the charge around the obstruction, usually by adjusting how much the unit wheels, or by having the enemy unit close the door instead. If no amount of adjustment avoids the obstacle, the charge fails.

One firm rule to remember: a unit can never use its charge move to contact an enemy it hasn't actually declared a charge against.

If a charge is completed against an already-fleeing enemy, the charger moves into contact as normal and simply runs the fleeing unit down -- most of it is cut apart or trampled, and any survivors scatter. The fleeing unit suffers two Wounds, with no saves of any kind, for every point of Unit Strength the charging unit(s) has (a Unit Strength 10 charger inflicts 20 Wounds). If anyone survives, the charger stops 1" behind what's left of them.

Running down fleeing troops this way often leaves the charger out of position and open to a counter-charge. To help with that, the charging unit may attempt a reform by passing a Leadership test -- pass, and it immediately reforms; fail, and the troops are too caught up in the aftermath to do so. Either way, the unit can't move any further this Movement phase.

If several units have charged the same target, roll all their charge distances together. Their charge moves must then bring as equal a number of models from each charging unit into contact as possible -- though the real priority is always maximising the total number of models fighting, even if that means one charger contributes more than another.

If the target Flees in response to multiple declared charges, all of them may redirect together if another viable target is in range, in whatever order their controller chooses. If, between exceptional rolls, more chargers succeed than can physically fit in contact with the target, the controlling player nominates which units actually complete the charge -- the rest count as having made a failed charge.

For each fleeing unit, the controlling player takes a Leadership test -- if it's passed, the unit stops fleeing and immediately reforms. A unit down to 25% or less of its starting models has its Leadership halved (rounded up) for this test.

During the Compulsory Moves sub-phase, work through each fleeing unit in turn, attempting to rally it, in whatever order you like, until every eligible unit has had its attempt. A unit that started fleeing THIS turn can't attempt to rally yet -- there's too much momentum still carrying it away.

A unit that fails its Rally test keeps fleeing. One that passes stops immediately and makes a reform manoeuvre, so it's at least facing the enemy again -- though it can't act further this Movement phase, and loses its Shooting phase attack, as it's still busy reorganising. It can still cast spells normally.

Any unit that fails to rally (or can't attempt to) must immediately flee 2D6" in the direction it's currently facing. Fleeing troops are assumed to have broken formation entirely -- they ignore obstacles of any kind, running through other units (friend or foe) and impassable terrain alike. If the flee move would end the unit on top of, or within 1" of, another unit or impassable terrain, it instead keeps fleeing straight ahead until clear of the obstruction, then stops.

Fleeing through danger has real consequences. Each fleeing model must take a Dangerous Terrain test for every area of impassable terrain it flees through. Fleeing through a non-fleeing enemy unit inflicts one automatic Wound (no saves) per point of that enemy's Unit Strength. Fleeing through friendly troops forces them to take a Panic test once the fleeing unit finishes its move -- having your own allies stream past in a panic does nothing for morale.

A fleeing unit that reaches the battlefield edge flees the battle outright and doesn't return -- it counts as destroyed for all purposes.

Aside from fleeing, any other compulsory move otherwise follows the normal movement rules unless clearly stated otherwise. Further detail on any given unit's own compulsory move -- often a fixed speed or direction -- is given in its own entry in the relevant Warhammer Armies book. These other compulsory moves can be resolved in any order, as long as every Flee move has already been completed first.

A unit can move backwards as well as forwards -- carefully, though: warriors shuffle rather than stride when retreating this way. Moving backwards counts double, so it costs twice the distance actually covered.

Moving a formation sideways while keeping it intact is no small feat, so it also counts double -- the distance covered is treated as twice the actual distance moved. A unit can't mix forward, backward, and sideways movement within the same move, and can only wheel while moving forward.

Troops can move at double speed by marching -- useful for getting reserves to a critical part of the field quickly, or keeping units from being stranded away from the fighting. Marching troops move at twice their normal Movement rate, weapons sheathed or shouldered. A marching unit can't reform, move backwards, or move sideways -- it would disrupt the march -- though it can still wheel, the way a column following a road would.

A unit that marches in the Movement phase can't shoot missile weapons in the Shooting phase, so think carefully before marching your missile troops.

A marching unit isn't ready for combat, so troops are reluctant to march with a threatening enemy nearby. If a non-fleeing enemy unit is within 8" when a unit wants to march, it must first pass a Leadership test. Passing means it marches as ordered, ignoring the nearby foe; failing means it can only move normally instead. Note that a failed test still counts as having marched, even if the controlling player then chooses not to move the unit at all.

Units of a single model -- monsters, lone characters, or the last survivor of a wiped-out unit -- move, wheel, and march largely like any other unit. The one difference: a single model (other than Chariots) can pivot on the spot as many times as it likes during its move, without penalty, and without it preventing marching or shooting later in the turn. This reflects the greater freedom a lone creature has compared to a disciplined ranked-up unit -- though pivoting still counts as having moved for shooting purposes.

When charging, a lone model still follows the normal charge rules -- no pivots, just the one wheel while moving and a second to close the door -- wheeling from a front corner exactly like any other unit would.

Other than fleeing troops and pursuing troops (see the Close Combat phase), units may not move off the battlefield. A unit next to the board edge can still pivot or wheel even if that temporarily takes part of it over the edge, as long as it doesn't end its move there.

Sometimes a rule brings a unit onto the battlefield mid-game -- these are reinforcements. A reinforcing unit is placed in base contact with whichever board edge the triggering rule specifies, facing directly into the battlefield with its whole rear rank touching that edge.

A unit arriving as reinforcements can't charge that turn (it's missed its chance to declare one) and can't march, but otherwise plays normally -- though it does count as having moved for shooting purposes. Every model in the unit must be set up within twice its Movement rate of the edge it entered from.

A quick reference for how far a unit moves under various circumstances.

Models able to cast spells are collectively known as Wizards, though individual armies may use their own terms (sorcerer, shaman, seer, and so on). Only beings of exceptional mental strength can hope to bend magic to their will -- lesser minds would be torn apart by the raw energies involved, or consumed by the Daemons that lurk within them. Even the greatest sorcerers walk a narrow line between ultimate power and utter annihilation.

Wizards range from level 1 to level 4 -- the higher the level, the more powerful the Wizard. Mastery of magic comes through dedicated practice, so a higher-level Wizard knows more spells, casts them with a bigger bonus, dispels more effectively, and channels more power than a lower-level one. Check the relevant Warhammer Armies book if you're ever unsure of a Wizard's level.

Each Wizard knows a number of spells equal to their level, chosen before deployment at the start of the battle (a few unusually powerful Wizards know more, but that's the exception). Wizards are assumed to know countless minor charms and rituals besides -- only a handful are ever worth bringing to actual battle.

If a Wizard loses one or more Wizard levels, they instantly forget one spell at random for each level lost (spells granted by a magic item can be lost this way too). Bound Spells can never be forgotten this way; if a Wizard with both normal and bound spells loses a level, only the normal spells are considered when randomising what's forgotten.

A Wizard reduced to level 0 no longer counts as a Wizard at all -- they can't channel power or dispel dice, and can't cast any spell except a Bound Spell they might still carry.

Before deployment, decide which spells each Wizard knows. When building your army, you also chose which Lore of Magic each Wizard uses -- often one of the eight Lores of Battle Magic in this rulebook, though many armies have their own race-specific lores described in their own Warhammer Armies book.

A Wizard's known spells are drawn from their chosen Lore, openly, so both players know exactly what every Wizard has. If an army has more than one Wizard, their controller chooses the order spells are picked in.

Every Lore's spells are numbered 1 through 6 -- lower numbers are generally easier to cast, higher numbers more powerful and more difficult, requiring a higher Wizard Level to even attempt. Consult the chosen Lore and the table below to see which spells are available to a Wizard of a given level, then pick.

Ordinarily, a spell can only be known once within the same army -- if more than one Wizard uses the same Lore, each must pick different spells. The exceptions are: a Signature Spell (below); a spell a model knows automatically with no choice involved (fixed by its own rules, or bought as a Bound Spell); a Lore or army book that explicitly allows a spell to be exchanged; or every spell in that Lore already being spoken for elsewhere in the army, in which case duplicates should be spread out as evenly as possible.

Most Lores of Magic have a Signature Spell -- one so central to that Lore's character that any practitioner is assumed to know it. Regardless of Wizard Level, every Wizard using a Lore automatically knows its Signature Spell in addition to whatever else they've chosen, even if another Wizard in the same army already knows it too.

A Wizard drawing spells from multiple Lores may know at most two different Signature Spells in total, and can choose which Lores to take them from. Wizards who don't get to choose their spells at all (because they only know a few fixed spells, or only carry Bound Spells) don't gain a Signature Spell either.

It's worth noting on your army roster exactly which spells each Wizard has -- it's easy to lose track otherwise.

Most Lores of Magic have a "lore attribute" -- a grouping of one or more special rules applied to certain spells from that Lore, perhaps granting an extra effect against a particular troop type, or changing how a spell behaves. A lore attribute only ever affects spells from its own Lore.

The Magic phase begins with both sides working out how much magical power they can draw on this turn. The player whose turn it is (the casting player) tries to gather enough power to cast their spells; their opponent (the dispelling player) gathers energy of their own to try to stop them.

1. Roll for the Winds of Magic -- determines how many power dice the casting player gets, and how many dispel dice the dispelling player gets.
2. Cast -- one of the casting player's Wizards picks a target and attempts to cast a spell using power dice.
3. Dispel -- if the spell was cast, one of the dispelling player's Wizards may attempt to counter it with dispel dice (or, lacking a Wizard, the army itself can still attempt a dispel).
4. Spell Resolution -- assuming the spell was cast and not dispelled, its effect is applied.
5. Next Spell -- repeat Cast through Spell Resolution until the casting player can't, or doesn't wish to, cast any more spells.

Roll 2D6 to determine the strength of the Winds of Magic. At the start of each Magic phase, the casting player rolls this to see how much power is available -- the number of dice rolled increases for every 2,000 points the game is played at beyond 2,000 (4D6 at 4,000 points, 6D6 at 6,000, and so on).

The casting player's available power equals the total rolled for the Winds of Magic -- take that many dice to form a "pool" of power dice representing this reserve. Each time a Wizard casts a spell, they take dice from this pool, so the pool shrinks with every attempt, limiting how many spells the casting player can try each Magic phase.

A Wizard can't control how much power the Winds of Magic offer, but can try to channel more of it. The casting player rolls a D6 for every Wizard level present in their army -- each result of 5 or 6 siphons a little extra power, adding one more die straight to the power pool. Wizards that are fleeing, or not on the battlefield for any reason, can't attempt to channel -- fleeing ones are too preoccupied, absent ones too far away.

With the power pool set, the dispelling player works out what they have to counter it with. Disrupting magic is inherently harder than wielding it, so the dispel pool is almost always smaller than the opponent's power pool -- it's equal to the highest single die rolled for the Winds of Magic (not the total).

For example, if the Winds of Magic dice show a 2 and a 6, the casting player gets 8 power dice (the total) while the dispelling player gets 6 dispel dice (the highest single result). In games of 4,000 points or more, the dispelling player gains a further +D6 dispel dice for every 2,000 points beyond that -- and the extra dice added are always the top half of the results rolled. For example, with four Winds of Magic dice showing 2, 3, 5, and 6, the casting player gets 16 power dice total, and the dispelling player gets 11 (the top two results, 5+6) dispel dice.

Extra dispel dice can be channelled the same way as power dice. The dispelling player rolls a D6 per Wizard level in their army -- each natural 6 adds one more dispel die to the pool. As with channelling power, fleeing Wizards or those absent from the battlefield can't attempt it.

Some spells belong to one of five types, each with its own casting restrictions: augment, direct damage, hex, magic missile, and magical vortex. A handful of unique spells have no type at all -- any restrictions that apply are simply written into their own text. Regardless of type, all damage a spell causes counts as non-physical Magical Attacks.

Direct damage spells are deadly attacks that strike without warning. The target must be an enemy unit, must lie within the Wizard's forward arc, and must be within the spell's range -- but the Wizard doesn't need line of sight to it. A unit already locked in close combat can never be targeted.

Some direct damage spells use a template. The template can't be placed so it touches a friendly unit, or an enemy unit already in close combat (though it may still scatter onto one afterward, depending on the spell). A ranged direct damage spell using a template targets by placing the template over the target unit -- for a small or large round template, only the central hole needs to be within range.

Magic missiles are sorcerous projectiles hurled at the enemy. The target must be an enemy unit within the Wizard's forward arc and within the spell's range, and the Wizard DOES need line of sight to it. Magic missiles can't be cast at (or by a Wizard engaged in) close combat, and always hit their target automatically.

Augment spells strengthen the caster's allies -- wards, blessings, and enhanced fighting prowess. The target must be a friendly unit within the spell's range, but doesn't need to be in the Wizard's forward arc, and the Wizard doesn't need line of sight to it. Unlike most spell types, augment spells CAN target units already engaged in close combat.

If a Wizard casts an augment spell on themself and their unit, then leaves that unit, the spell continues to affect only the Wizard. If they later rejoin that unit (or join another) while the spell is still active, they'll share its benefit with their new unit again.

Hexes are the mirror of augment spells -- weakening the enemy to make them easier to slay. The target must be an enemy unit within the spell's range, but doesn't need to be in the Wizard's forward arc, and the Wizard doesn't need line of sight to it. Like augments, hexes CAN target units already in close combat.

Bonuses and penalties from hexes, augments, and similar spells are cumulative, though they normally can't push a characteristic above 10 or below 1 unless specifically stated.

Magical vortexes are roiling globes of energy that roam the battlefield causing unusual, often deadly, effects. They have no target as such -- instead they're placed in the caster's forward arc, and can't be placed to affect any model already in close combat at the moment they're cast. Models can never voluntarily move into or through one.

A magical vortex uses one of the round templates, placed in base contact with the caster with its centre inside the caster's forward arc, then moves as its own spell describes. Unlike most templated effects, a vortex remains on the battlefield once cast (unless it moves off it) -- at the end of every subsequent Magic phase, it moves again by the direction and distance the spell states.

If a vortex would end its move on top of a unit, it's instead placed 1" beyond that unit in the direction it was moving (repeating as needed if that's also over a unit) -- any models between where it would have stopped and where it's actually placed are unaffected. A model forced to move into or through a vortex suffers its full effect the instant it makes contact (for a spell affecting every model hit, that's every model whose base passes through it); survivors are placed 1" beyond the template and their move ends there.

Magical vortexes are always remains in play spells (see Spell Resolution).

Once the Wizard, spell, and target are chosen, declare how many dice from the power pool the Wizard will use -- at least one. The maximum any Wizard can commit to a single spell is their Wizard Level + 2, so a Level 3 Wizard could use up to 5 dice.

The chosen dice are taken from the power pool and rolled, their total giving the casting result -- keep them visible, since your opponent may need to see them if they attempt a dispel. To succeed, that total must equal or beat the spell's casting value (each spell has one, 3 or higher; a higher value means a more powerful, harder-to-cast spell). Meeting or beating it casts the spell (though it can still be dispelled); falling short means the casting attempt simply fails.

Many things can add a bonus to a casting attempt, making it easier to succeed and harder to dispel. The most common is the Wizard's own level: a Level 1 or 2 Wizard gets +1, a Level 3 or 4 Wizard gets +2. Further bonuses can come from magic items, special rules, units, or terrain -- but no single casting attempt may ever have more than +5 in total bonuses, regardless of source.

Some spells let a Wizard commit extra power for a stronger effect -- greater range, more damage, or a wider area. Where this option exists, the spell's own text states the boosted casting value and what the extra power buys. If your casting roll is high enough to reach the boosted value, you may choose whether to apply the standard or the boosted effect.

No matter how powerful a Wizard is, a spell can never be cast if the natural (unmodified) total of the dice rolled is less than 3 -- a natural 1 or 2 always fails, regardless of any bonus from any source. Even the mightiest Wizard needs to coax a minimum of raw power from the Winds of Magic before a spell will work at all.

If the natural dice total is 1 or 2, the spell doesn't just fail -- the Wizard's concentration breaks entirely, and they can't attempt to cast any further spells for the rest of the Magic phase.

For every natural 6 rolled while casting a spell, roll one additional free power die and add it to the casting total (a 6 on one of these bonus dice doesn't trigger further Ultimate Power dice). These extra dice aren't taken from the power pool, and don't count against the Wizard's usual dice limit for the spell.

If two or more of the dice rolled to cast a spell come up as unmodified 1s, the spell has been Miscast. Only the actual dice values count toward this -- bonuses from special rules or magic items are ignored, and if a die was re-rolled, only the second result matters. Every die rolled counts, whether it came from the power pool, Ultimate Power, or any other bonus source.

Once the spell has been dispelled or resolved, the Wizard rolls a D6 on the Miscast table below. The more power that went into the casting attempt, the more dangerous the result tends to be -- add the total number of dice used (including any from Ultimate Power) to the D6 roll before consulting the table. A Wizard who used 4 dice and rolls a 3 gets a result of 7.

To attempt a dispel, the dispelling player nominates one of their Wizards -- unlike casting, a dispel has no range and never requires line of sight to either the caster or the target, so any Wizard anywhere on the battlefield is eligible. A Wizard that's fleeing or off the battlefield can't attempt to dispel. If the dispelling player has no eligible Wizard at all, their army may still attempt the dispel.

Once a Wizard is chosen, declare how many dispel dice they'll use -- at least one, but unlike casting there's no upper limit.

The chosen dice are taken from the dispel pool and rolled, exactly as when casting, giving a dispel result. To succeed, that result must equal or beat the spell's own casting result -- meeting or beating it stops the spell taking effect; falling short means the dispel fails and the spell goes through.

As with casting, many things can add a bonus to a dispel attempt. The most common is the Wizard's own level: a Level 1 or 2 Wizard gets +1, a Level 3 or 4 Wizard gets +2, with further bonuses possible from magic items, special rules, units, or terrain -- capped, as with casting, at +5 in total from any combination of sources.

As with casting, a dispel attempt automatically fails if the natural total of the dice rolled is less than 3 -- a natural 1 or 2 is always a failure, no matter the Wizard's power or any bonus involved.

A natural dice total of 1 or 2 doesn't just fail the dispel -- it leaves the Wizard too preoccupied with their collapsing attempt to try dispelling again for the rest of the Magic phase. The army itself can still attempt a dispel regardless of a Wizard's earlier failures.

For every natural 6 rolled while dispelling, roll one additional free dispel die and add it to the total (a 6 on one of these bonus dice doesn't trigger further Ultimate Power dice). These extra dice aren't taken from the dispel pool.

Plenty of spells inflict damage, and like shooting attacks, enough of it can force the enemy to flee -- damage from magic can trigger Panic tests exactly as described in the Panic chapter.

Most spells resolve instantly, their effect worked out once with no further impact until cast again. Some last longer -- for one or more phases or turns.

A spell marked "remains in play" stays in effect indefinitely once cast. It ends only when its target is slain, the caster is slain (or loses the spell some other way), the caster chooses to end it (only at the start of a Magic phase), or the caster leaves the battlefield. The Wizard can still cast other spells while it's active, just not the same remains-in-play spell again in a later turn -- keeping one running only takes a little concentration.

If not dispelled the moment it's cast, a remains in play spell can still be dispelled in any later Magic phase, using dispel dice as normal (or power dice as if they were dispel dice, on your own turn). Because it no longer carries the energy of its original casting, a later dispel attempt only needs to beat the spell's minimum listed casting value, not the original roll -- so there's no need to track what it was originally cast with. A boosted remains-in-play spell is dispelled against its basic (not boosted) casting value.

Some spells aren't remains in play, but still last one or more turns once cast. Such a spell can't be dispelled after that initial casting, and continues even if its caster is slain or leaves the battlefield, unless its own text says otherwise.

More than one Wizard in an army may end up knowing the same spell. Regardless, a single unit can never be targeted by the same remains-in-play spell, or the same spell lasting more than one turn, more than once in a single Magic phase.

Once a spell is resolved, the casting player may have the same or a different Wizard attempt another. Wizards may cast in any order, and the player is free to switch between them at any point, as long as the current spell has already been fully resolved first.

Unless stated otherwise, each Wizard may only cast each spell once per turn. The Magic phase ends -- moving on to Shooting -- once the casting player has run out of power dice, has no more spells worth casting, or every Wizard's concentration has been broken.

A bound spell is cast exactly like an ordinary one, using dice from the power pool (even by a model that isn't a Wizard). Its required casting value is simply the bound spell's own power level. Casting a bound spell from a magic item (not an "innate" one) grants one free power die on top of whatever's committed from the pool, representing the power already stored within it -- at least one pool die must still be used, and no more than three dice total (including that free one) may ever be committed.

A bound spell never benefits from the caster's own casting bonuses. In exchange, failing to cast one doesn't break a Wizard's concentration -- using such an item is assumed to take nothing more than a single word of activation.

A bound spell is often tied to a spell from a magic Lore; where that spell has a boosted version, the bound spell always uses the easier, unboosted casting value. If the bound spell comes from a Lore with a lore attribute, successfully casting it still triggers that attribute -- targeting whoever is actually casting the bound spell, even where the lore attribute's own text would normally target "the Wizard."

What happens if a bound spell is Miscast depends on where it comes from. If it's held in a magic item, the item crumbles to dust and can't be used again this game -- don't roll on the Miscast table. If it's an innate ability, the model simply can't cast any more bound spells for the rest of the phase -- again, no roll on the Miscast table.

A bound spell is dispelled exactly like any other -- the dispelling Wizard simply needs to equal or beat its casting result.

A successful shooting attack takes preparation -- most weapons need time to load or aim -- so a model must have had a fairly uneventful Movement phase to shoot at all. The most common reasons a model can't shoot: it marched (weapons shouldered, ammunition secured while advancing); it rallied or declared a charge; it's fighting in close combat; it's fleeing (rather more concerned with survival); or a spell or special rule specifically prevents it.

This isn't an exhaustive list -- other situations will come up due to spells, army special rules, and the like, explained by whichever rule causes them.

A missile attack is any attack made at range during the Shooting phase -- ordinary weapons like bows, template weapons, and magic missiles all count. Direct damage spells and magical vortexes do not.

Front rank models can always shoot, and second rank models can too -- they're assumed to aim over their crouching or stooping comrades ahead of them, using that model's own line of sight and forward arc for every shooting purpose (including Stand & Shoot reactions). In short, units can fire two ranks deep.

Models any further back than the second rank are assumed to have their line of sight blocked entirely and can't normally shoot, no matter the target's Unit Strength.

Every missile weapon has a maximum range -- see the Weapons & Armour chapter for a full summary. A model can normally only shoot at a target within that range, with one exception: a unit making a Stand & Shoot reaction is assumed to have the charger already within range by the time it fires.

Every model in a unit has to shoot at the same target -- but depending on where the shooters and the target are standing, some models in the firing unit may be able to see or reach the target while others can't (out of arc, blocked by terrain, or simply out of range). You're free to shoot anyway; only the models that actually have the target in arc and range will fire, while the rest hold their shot (whether out of discipline or simple confusion, the game result is the same -- they just don't shoot).

Units engaged in close combat normally can't be shot at -- there's too much risk of hitting a friend in a swirling melee that only looks like two static blocks of troops.

The one exception: a unit within 4" of an unengaged arc of an enemy unit in combat may attempt to fire at it, provided the target has Unit Strength 5 or more. At that range they can pick out enemy targets well enough to risk the shot -- but for every natural 1 rolled to hit, that shot goes astray and hits the friendly unit instead.

Template weapons can never target an enemy engaged in close combat, even within 4" -- though they can still hit a nearby combat by accident (never on purpose) if positioned near one.

Raw skill isn't the only factor -- battlefield conditions alter accuracy too, represented by shooting modifiers applied to the dice roll before comparing it to the score needed, making a shot harder (and less likely to succeed).

If modifiers push the required score to 7 or higher, a hit is still possible: first roll a 6, then roll again against the chart below to see if it holds up. A required score of 10 or more is simply impossible -- those shots are lost outright.

Shooting modifiers are cumulative unless stated otherwise.

A model that moved for any reason this turn (even just pivoting on the spot) has had less time to aim, suffering a -1 shooting modifier.

Closer targets are easier to hit -- any shot at an enemy within 4" gains a +1 shooting modifier.

Aiming while a bellowing enemy bears down on you is distracting -- models making a Stand & Shoot reaction suffer a -1 shooting modifier.

A small, single target is harder to hit than a mass of troops -- any shot at a lone model with Unit Strength 2 or less suffers a -1 shooting modifier.

If the majority of the target unit is visible but standing behind models (friend or enemy) or terrain with at least half as high a Line of Sight value, an extra To Hit modifier applies. For example, a unit whose majority has Line of Sight value 1 provides cover to a unit behind it with Line of Sight value 2, but not to one with Line of Sight value 3 or higher -- and the same logic works in reverse, a Line of Sight 3 model ignoring the cover a Line of Sight 1 model would otherwise grant a Line of Sight 2 model behind it.

Cover comes in two kinds, soft and hard (below). It's common for some models in a firing unit to have a clear shot while others don't -- where that happens, resolve the two groups' shots (and their separate To Hit modifiers) individually.

Soft cover offers a little protection but mostly just hides the target -- hedges, fences, wagons, and similar terrain. If the majority of a unit is obscured this way, it's in soft cover, worth a -1 shooting modifier.

Hard cover is sturdier -- stone walls, boulders, buildings, and (for this purpose) other units standing in the way. If the majority of a unit is obscured this way, it's in hard cover, worth a -2 shooting modifier. Soft and hard cover never stack -- if both would apply, use only the -2 for hard cover.

Several special rules affect a model's shooting modifier -- each states its own effect, but the most common (Multiple Shots, Quick to Fire, Sniper, and Volley Fire) all impose a -1 shooting modifier. See the Special Rules chapter for details on each.

Some unusual attacks -- most often magic missile spells -- hit automatically. Exactly as it sounds: skip the To Hit roll entirely and apply the stated number of automatic hits.

Plenty of situations call for hits against a target outside a normal shooting attack -- spells, or a chariot's Impact Hits (see the Special Rules chapter), for example. These are resolved using steps 4 through 6 of the shooting sequence (Roll to Wound, Saving Throws, Remove Casualties). The one exception is hits from close combat attacks, covered in Close Combat instead.

Some weapons and creatures punch straight through armour, applying their own modifier to the saving throw the same way shooting modifiers affect the To Hit roll. An attack of Strength 4 imposes a -1 save modifier, growing by a further -1 for every additional point of Strength.

A save can be modified all the way to impossible -- in which case it's simply failed automatically. For example, a model with a 3+ save hit by a Strength 5 attack (-2 modifier) is left with only a 5+ save to attempt.

Some models carry a Ward save -- typically from a special rule, magic item, or spell -- listed in that model's own entry in its Warhammer Armies book. Ward saves work just like armour saves and can combine with other Ward saves as normal, but are never modified by the attacking weapon's Strength. No model may ever have a Ward save better than 4+ by combining multiple sources, though a single Ward save can be better than 4+ if its own text explicitly says so.

A model with both an armour save and a Ward save takes its armour save first -- only if that fails (or is modified into impossibility) does it then take its Ward save.

Some attacks don't inflict wounds at all -- they simply remove the model as a casualty outright, often after failing a Leadership or Toughness test. In these cases no save of any kind is allowed (unless stated otherwise), and the model's remaining Wounds are irrelevant -- it's just removed from play.

Larger or hardier troops have more than one Wound on their profile. When such a unit takes wounds, remove as many whole models as possible -- wounds can never be spread thin across the unit just to avoid losing a model.

Divide the total wounds caused by the models' own Wounds characteristic, removing that many models from the rear-most rank; any leftover wounds carry over to the next time the unit takes damage. For example: a unit of Ogres (3 Wounds each) suffers 5 wounds from arrow fire -- that's one model removed (3 wounds) with 2 left over, noted and added to whatever wounds the unit takes next.

Some war machines, spells, or magic weapons are destructive enough that a single unsaved wound actually costs the victim 2 Wounds, or a rolled amount (D3, D6, etc.), as stated in that weapon's own rules. Resolve the hit, wound roll, and any saves as normal -- only once a wound goes unsaved do you roll to see how many Wounds it actually costs. A model can never lose more Wounds than it has -- if it would, it simply dies and any excess is wasted.

When a unit of multi-Wound models is hit by a weapon that itself causes multiple wounds, work out how many Wounds each affected model individually suffers (remembering a model can't lose more than it has). Add the total wounds caused across the unit together, then remove models accordingly, noting any leftover wounds as usual. The same method applies if the unit is hit by a spell or weapon that strikes every model in the unit at once.

The player whose turn it is nominates one close combat involving one or more of their units and fights a full round of close combat. Then they nominate the next combat, and so on until every eligible unit has fought. Each combat is resolved completely -- including any flee and pursue moves -- before moving on to the next one.

A close combat attack is any attack made against a unit in base contact during the Close Combat phase -- this includes Stomps and Impact Hits (see the Special Rules chapter), and any other attack that normally hits automatically in combat.

Every model in base contact with an enemy must fight -- models can't elect to hold back, and normally nothing can prevent them from striking. Occasionally a spell or special rule stops a model from fighting outright, but far more often it just reduces its chance of landing a blow instead.

Several rules key off a unit's "first round of close combat" -- this means the first round a unit fights without having disengaged since (through fleeing, pursuing, or any other effect). If a unit already in combat is then charged by a second enemy, that's still the newly-arrived unit's own first round of close combat, even though it isn't the first round of the combat overall for the units already fighting.

A model in base contact with one or more enemies strikes a number of blows equal to its Attacks characteristic -- usually 1 for rank-and-file troops, though additional hand weapons, spells, and special rules can raise or lower it, and powerful creatures, characters, and monsters often have 2, 3, 4, or more.

A model with Attacks at two or more different Initiative values (a knight or other cavalry model, for example) resolves each set of Attacks at its own relevant Initiative step. If the model is slain before it can strike a later, lower-Initiative set of blows, those Attacks are simply lost, just as any model's Attacks are lost if it's slain before its turn to strike. Occasionally a split-profile model may also be unable to strike some of its blows because every eligible enemy has already been killed -- usually a sign its own warriors have already done plenty of damage.

Roll a D6 for each Attack a model gets to make. The score needed to hit depends on the relative Weapon Skill of the attacker and the defender -- cross-reference the two on the chart below for the minimum roll needed. Equally-matched models hit each other on a 4+; the more one model's Weapon Skill outstrips the other's, the easier (or harder) the roll gets. A natural 6 always hits and a natural 1 always misses, regardless of any modifier.

Not every hit harms the enemy -- some glance off tough hide, others cause only superficial damage. Pick up every die that scored a hit and roll it again, cross-referencing the attacker's Strength with the defender's Toughness on the chart below (the same chart used for shooting) for the minimum score needed to wound. In most cases this uses the Strength on the attacker's own profile, though some close combat weapons grant a Strength bonus (see the Weapons chapter). Roll separately for models with different Strength values. A natural 6 always wounds and a natural 1 always fails, regardless of any modifier.

The defending player rolls a D6 for each wound suffered -- equalling or beating the model's save (after modifiers) deflects the wound. This works exactly as in the Shooting phase (see Saving Throws), including how the different types of save combine. Remember that an attack of Strength 4 or higher imposes a save modifier, same as shooting.

Each side's combat result starts with the number of Wounds it inflicted this round, from any source except its own models -- not the number of casualties, since many characters and monsters take several rounds to bring down. Only count Wounds that weren't saved.

A unit that charged this turn adds +1 to its combat result. This is cumulative if several units charged the same target.

A unit at least five models wide adds +1 combat result for each extra rank of five or more models behind the fighting rank, up to a maximum of +3 -- this includes an incomplete rear rank, as long as it still has five models in it. With several units engaged in the same combat, each calculates its own ranks, up to +3 per arc of the enemy it's engaged in; if two units share the same arc, only the higher of the two counts.

A disrupted unit gets no bonus for extra ranks and can't be Steadfast (see Loser Takes a Break Test). A unit is disrupted while an enemy of Unit Strength 10 or more is attacking its flank or rear -- smaller units aren't considered massed enough to cause it. If that enemy's Unit Strength later drops below 10 from casualties, the disruption ends and extra ranks count normally again.

A unit with higher Unit Strength than its enemy adds +1 combat result. With multiple units on either side, compare the combined Unit Strength of everyone involved.

A unit with a standard bearer adds +1 combat result -- cumulative if several of a side's units in the same combat each have their own standard.

A unit including a battle standard adds a further +1 combat result, cumulative with the bonus for an ordinary standard.

A unit fighting the enemy's flank adds +1 combat result -- or +2 if the enemy is engaged on both flanks at once.

A unit fighting the enemy's rear adds +2 combat result.

A unit fighting from higher ground than its enemy -- occupying a hill crest, or having charged down from one this turn -- adds +1 combat result. In a fight with multiple units per side, only the side with the highest fighting rank gets the bonus.

If a character wins a challenge and scores more Wounds than their opponent had remaining, each excess Wound adds +1 combat result, up to a maximum of +3. Challenges are a special form of close combat fought only between characters, covered in the Characters chapter.

Add up both sides' bonuses -- whoever scores higher wins the round; a tie is a draw, and the combat continues next turn. The bigger the gap between the two scores, the more decisive the win.

If one side is wiped out entirely, the other automatically wins -- it restrains pursuit and reforms automatically, or may choose to overrun instead if it charged this turn.

A Break test is a Leadership test, but first the difference between the winner's and loser's combat result is applied as a penalty to the loser's Leadership. If the 2D6 roll is at or under that modified value, the unit holds and the combat continues next turn; over it, the unit breaks and flees. This modified Leadership is used only for the Break test itself and any combat reform attempt that follows.

For example, a unit with Leadership 8 that lost by 3 tests against a modified Leadership of 5 -- rolling a 7 fails, since it's higher than 5, so the unit breaks and flees.

A unit with higher Unit Strength than its enemy (and at least Unit Strength 10 itself, with a rank of five or more models including the front rank) is Steadfast -- it takes its Break test on its own unmodified Leadership, ignoring the loss penalty entirely, no matter how badly the round was lost. Disrupted units and Skirmishers can never be Steadfast.

A unit that doesn't flee can attempt to bring more of its models to bear with a combat reform -- easier for the winning side, but possible even for a disciplined unit that lost.

A unit that wins the round (and the enemy doesn't flee, or the round was a draw) may immediately make a combat reform -- an ordinary reform except its centre point doesn't have to stay fixed, most often used to turn and face an enemy that hit its flank or rear, or to widen its frontage. Three restrictions apply: it can't reform to take a model (friend or foe) out of base contact if it was in contact before the reform; it can't reform to contact a different facing of any enemy it's already touching, though it may end up touching a different enemy model on that same facing; and its forward arc must stay in base contact with an enemy unit throughout.

A unit that loses but doesn't flee can still attempt a combat reform, by first passing a Leadership test (using the same loss-penalty modifier as its Break test, or its unmodified Leadership if Steadfast). Failing the test means no reform; passing allows the same combat reform described above.

If both sides want to reform, resolve any required Leadership tests first, then roll off to see who reforms first. A unit engaged on more than one facing at once can't make a combat reform at all. In a multiple combat where one unit flees, reforms happen only after every pursuit move is resolved. If two units end up only partially in base contact (most often because a rear-charged enemy lost its rear-rank casualties first), the lower-Unit-Strength unit is shifted sideways -- after any other reform -- until every front-rank model on both sides is back in contact.

The winning unit chooses whether to pursue the fleeing enemy or restrain itself. Restraining takes discipline -- it requires a Leadership test; passing holds the unit in position (free to reform once the enemy has fled), while failing means it pursues regardless of what you wanted.

The fleeing unit's controlling player rolls 2D6 -- the Flee roll -- for how far it runs.

The pursuing unit's controlling player also rolls 2D6 -- the Pursuit roll -- to see if it catches its prey.

If the Pursuit roll equals or beats the Flee roll, the fleeing unit is caught -- it suffers two Wounds, no saves of any kind, per point of Unit Strength the pursuing unit(s) have, exactly as when charging a fleeing enemy. If any models survive, the pursuer stops 1" behind them; if none survive, see Move Pursuers.

A unit that restrained instead of pursuing (or wiped out the enemy without overrunning) can now make an ordinary reform, exactly as in the Movement phase.

Unlike fleeing troops, pursuers keep some order -- if the pursuit move would take them into (or through) a friendly unit or impassable terrain, they automatically stop 1" short instead.

If the pursuit move would bring the pursuers into contact with an enemy unit, they must charge it -- following the normal Movement phase charge rules, except no charge range roll is needed (the pursuit roll already proves they have the momentum). The charging unit still wheels and closes the door to maximise contact as usual. The charged unit is taken entirely by surprise -- it gets no charge reaction and must Hold.

If that enemy was already fighting an unresolved combat this turn, the pursuing unit gets to fight a second round of close combat immediately -- and if it wins that too, it can't overrun, automatically restraining pursuit (and may still reform). If the enemy wasn't already engaged, or its combat has already been resolved this phase, the new combat isn't fought until the following turn's Close Combat phase -- where the pursuers still count as having charged, giving both sides any charging bonuses that apply and the usual +1 combat result each, which cancels out.

Even a fleeing charged unit gets no charge reaction -- move the pursuers into contact with it exactly as when completing a charge against a fleeing enemy. If that unit is wiped out entirely, the pursuers get one final reform.

A unit that charged into combat and wiped out every enemy it fought can choose to move 2D6" straight forward instead of a normal pursuit -- an overrun, representing the unit surging on to find more of the enemy. This is otherwise a special pursuit move, subject to the same rules for intervening units and terrain. If the charged enemy was wiped out before the Close Combat phase even began (by a spell or template, for instance), the unit can still choose to Overrun or Reform from Victory at the start of the phase, unless it's already made some other move this turn outside the Movement phase.

A pursuing unit that reaches the battlefield edge moves off it entirely -- but unlike troops fleeing the table, it returns the following Movement phase using the Reinforcements rules, placed back as close as possible to where it left, in the same formation, facing back onto the field with its rear rank touching the edge. Leaving a model (a standard bearer is ideal) behind to mark the spot is a good idea.

First calculate the total combat result for all units on both sides, to find the overall winner of the round. Then, for each losing unit, calculate its own Break test modifier by comparing only its own combat result against the combined result of whichever enemy units it's actually in base contact with -- not the whole combat. Keep a running tally of each unit's own Wounds caused (easiest by keeping its own casualties separate) so this stays trackable.

A losing unit whose own result is equal to or higher than the combined result of the enemies it's touching takes no Break test at all -- it counts as fighting to a draw. No unit ever suffers a worse penalty than the overall result the whole side lost by, even if its own local result was much worse. A Disrupted unit never counts its own rank bonus against any enemy it's touching.

For example: Halberdiers fighting Orcs to the front and Goblins to the flank score 11 combat result total (2 Wounds on the Orcs, 4 on the Goblins, 3 ranks, Standard, Outnumber). The Orcs score 7 (4 Wounds, 2 ranks, Standard); the Goblins score 2 (1 Wound, Flank). Orcs and Goblins together score 9, so the Halberdiers win overall by 2. Against the Orcs specifically it's 7-7, a draw -- no Break test for the Orcs. Against the Goblins it's 9-2, a loss of 7 -- but since the Halberdiers only won the OVERALL combat by 2, the Goblins' Break test penalty is capped at -2.

A losing unit is Steadfast under the normal rule as long as the combined Unit Strength of every friendly unit in the combat is higher than the enemy's combined Unit Strength -- Disrupted units don't count toward either side's total for this purpose.

A victorious unit that's defeated several enemies engaging it from different sides has some extra rules to follow when it comes to pursuit.

Each winning unit may only pursue a single enemy unit it's in base contact with (declared before any Flee rolls), and can't pursue at all if any unit it's touching passes its Break test. With more than one pursuing unit, the controlling player chooses the order they move in, after rolling each one's pursuit distance.

A fleeing unit must roll higher than every one of its pursuers to escape -- if any pursuer equals or beats its Flee roll, it's cut down, following the same rule as charging a fleeing enemy.

Where a unit could flee from more than one enemy, the controlling player chooses the order units flee in, but each individual unit always flees directly away from whichever enemy has the highest Unit Strength (picking randomly on a tie), pivoting about its own centre and ignoring other units in the way. If this leaves the unit overlapping others in the fight, estimate its new position as best you can.

Once every flee move is resolved, resolve pursuit moves one at a time, in an order the controlling player chooses -- each pursuer pivots about its own centre to face the fleeing unit of its choice, then pursues as normal. A pursuer that catches up to a fleeing unit that actually escaped simply stops 1" away.

A unit can end up out of base contact with an enemy that's still partly alive -- most often after a rear charge, since casualties are removed from the rear rank first. When this happens, nudge the attacking unit (by as little as possible) back into contact -- this can't change which facing it's touching, alter its formation, or let it charge some other unengaged unit. If the attacker can't be moved this way, move the defender instead.

A unit left with no enemy at all (usually because the one it was fighting was wiped out) is out of the combat entirely and can move normally from then on. Its Wounds already inflicted still count toward the fight's overall combat result, but none of its other bonuses do, and it can no longer help cancel an enemy's Steadfast or contribute its own Unit Strength to the combat total.

A unit that fails a Panic test caused by heavy casualties pivots on the spot (ignoring other units) to face directly away from whatever caused the most casualties that phase, then flees as normal -- or, if there's nothing to flee from (a Wizard's own miscast, for example), away from the closest enemy unit instead. A unit failing for any other reason simply pivots away from the closest enemy unit and flees.

As long as the panicked unit doesn't flee off the board entirely on this first move, there's still a chance to rally it in a later turn.

A unit must test for Panic immediately if it loses 25% or more of the models it started the phase with -- most often from shooting or enemy spells, but any source of casualties counts (miscasts, misfires, failed Dangerous Terrain tests, and so on), used as a catch-all rather than listing every specific trigger.

A charging unit that's Stood & Shot at and takes 25% or more casualties this way must also test immediately -- even if that leaves it panicking while technically still out of the shooters' range. Treat this as the charger having been shot at the moment it entered range, panicked, and fled back out of range again, rather than working out the individual moves involved.

If a unit that started the phase at Unit Strength 10 or more is destroyed for any reason, every friendly unit within 6" must immediately test for Panic -- leave the destroyed unit in place until the tests are resolved, so there's a fixed point to measure from.

If a unit that started the phase at Unit Strength 10 or more breaks from close combat, every friendly unit within 6" must immediately test for Panic -- measured from its position before it makes its flee move.

A unit must immediately test for Panic if fleeing friends with Unit Strength 10 or more move through it -- resolve the fleeing unit's move first, then take the test. This is Panic at its most destructive: one unit fleeing through another can chain into a third, and so on, until a whole battleline unravels.

In addition to their troop type, some models might also be noted as being characters. We're not going to worry about characters here, however – characters are such a powerful and important part of Warhammer that they have a chapter all to themselves later in the book.

Each model should be mounted on a base to determine the width and depth of the unit. Each Troop Type has different approved base sizes, which are listed below. In some cases, you might be using a model that requires a larger base than described for its Troop Type. This is completely fine, as long as you try to keep it as close as possible to the normal approved base sizes. However, you may never have a base size that is smaller than the approved base sizes listed here.

A unit of Infantry is required to be five or more models wide in order to be able to gain rank bonus.

Infantry have a Unit Strength of 1.

Infantry have a Line of Sight value of 1.

Infantry have an approved base size of 20x20mm, 25x25mm, 25x50mm, 30x30mm and 40x40mm.

As monstrous infantry are so much larger than normal troops, they require fewer warriors to fill out a rank. Where Infantry need at least five models in order to be able to gain rank bonus, a unit composed purely of monstrous infantry needs only three models. Essentially, wherever the rules say "a rank of five or more models" treat it as reading "a rank of three or more models".

A monstrous infantry model can make as many supporting attacks as are on its profile, up to a maximum of three, rather than the usual one supporting attack.

Monstrous Infantry are subject to the following special rule: Fear.

Monstrous Infantry have a Unit Strength of 3.

Monstrous Infantry have a Line of Sight value of 2.

Monstrous Infantry have an approved base size of 40x40mm or 50x50mm.

Although a cavalry model has two sets of characteristics, one for the rider and one for the mount, it is treated in all respects as a single model – the rider cannot dismount. When moving, the cavalry model always uses the Movement characteristic of the mount, and never that of the rider.

The rider and mount use their own Weapon Skill, Strength, Initiative and Attacks characteristics when they attack. Each can attack any opponent that the cavalry model is in base contact with.

Similarly, it is the rider's Weapon Skill that is used for the purposes of the enemy rolling to hit – the mount's Weapon Skill is used only when the mount strikes blows. We assume the rider to be in complete control of their mount, so the mount's Leadership is never used, unless a spell or special rule states otherwise.

If the rider has a missile weapon, they always use their own Ballistic Skill, rather than that of their mount. When attacking a Cavalry model, always use the highest Toughness and Wounds value from either the rider or the mount.

If the rider and the mount both have armour saves or ward saves these may be combined as normal. In the case of Regeneration saves, use only the highest value. Any equipment or magic items the model might otherwise have only apply to the rider, not the mount (unless specified).

A unit of Cavalry is required to be five or more models wide in order to be able to gain rank bonus.

When a cavalry model makes supporting attacks, only the rider can strike – we assume that the mount lacks both the discipline and the reach to fight through those ahead of it.

Cavalry are subject to the following special rule: Impact Hits (1).

Note that the Impact Hits are resolved at the Strength of the mount, not the rider. Any special rules listed for Cavalry units only apply to rider, unless they specifically mention the mount.

There are, however, a few exceptions. If either the rider or the mount has one of the following special rules, then the whole model has it:

• Always Strikes Last
• Ambushers
• Berserk Rage (see Frenzy)
• Ethereal
• Fast Cavalry
• Fear
• Fly
• Immunity (*)
• Scouts
• Stupidity
• Stubborn
• Swiftstride
• Terror
• Vanguard

Cavalry have to take Dangerous Terrain tests if they move swiftly over anything other than open ground or hills – see Battlefield Terrain for more details.

Cavalry have a Unit Strength of 2.

Cavalry have a Line of Sight value of 2.

Cavalry have an approved base size of 20x20mm, 25x25mm, 25x50mm, 40x40mm and 50x50mm.

A rank of monstrous cavalry needs only three models to count for rank bonus.

The rider of a monstrous cavalry model can make as many supporting attacks as are on its profile, up to a maximum of three.

Monstrous Cavalry are subject to the following special rules: Fear, Impact Hits (1).

Monstrous Cavalry have a Unit Strength of 4.

Monstrous Cavalry have a Line of Sight value of 3.

Monstrous Cavalry have an approved base size of 40x40mm, 50x50mm, 50x75mm and 50x100mm.

Swarms are subject to the following special rules: Expendable, Skirmishers, Unstable.

Swarms have a Unit Strength of 3.

Swarms have a Line of Sight value of 0.

Swarms have an approved base size of 40x40mm.

War Beasts are subject to the following special rule: Expendable, Swiftstride.

Some characters can ride war beasts, in which case the model uses the rules for cavalry rather than the rules for War Beasts.

A unit of War Beasts is required to be five or more models wide in order to be able to gain rank bonus.

War Beasts have a Unit Strength of 1.

War Beasts have a Line of Sight value of 1.

War Beasts have an approved base size of 20x20mm, 25x25mm, 25x50mm and 40x40mm.

Monstrous Beasts are subject to the following special rules: Fear.

A rank of monstrous beasts needs only three models to count for rank bonus, steadfast and so on.

A monstrous beast can make as many supporting attacks as are on its profile, up to a maximum of three.

Some characters can ride monstrous beasts, in which case the model uses the rules for monstrous cavalry.

Monstrous Beasts have a Unit Strength of 3.

Monstrous Beasts have a Line of Sight value of 2.

Monstrous Beasts have an approved base size of 40x40mm, 50x50mm, 50x75mm and 50x100mm.

Monsters are subject to the following special rules: Stomp, Terror.

In a similar manner to cavalry, certain ridden monsters have more than one set of characteristics, one for the monster and one for the crew, and is treated as a single model. When moving, the model always uses the Movement characteristic of the monster.

The crew and the beasts use their own Weapon Skill, Strength, Initiative and Attacks characteristics when they attack. The Wounds and Toughness of the crew are never used – hits are resolved against the monster's Wounds and Toughness. It is the crew's Weapon Skill that is used for the purposes of the enemy rolling to hit, just as with cavalry. We assume the crew to be in complete control of the monster they are riding, so the monster's Leadership is never used.

Just as with cavalry, we assume that special rules that apply to the monster do not normally also apply to the rider(s), and vice versa. Remember though that there are exceptions, as detailed under the rules for cavalry.

Any missile weapons use the Ballistic Skill of the crew when making Shooting attacks. The crew can fire in 360 degrees around them, rather than only firing at targets within their forward arc. This only applies to any missile weapons carried by the crew themselves, any missile weapons mounted on the monster itself can only fire in the model's forward arc as normal.

Some characters can ride monsters. If a character has a ridden monster, the whole model is treated as having the troop type monster and thus follows all the rules for both characters and monster models. It uses the rules for cavalry in regards to Split Profile and Special Rules that effect riders and mounts. A character on a ridden monster cannot join other units.

Monsters have a Unit Strength equal to their starting number of Wounds. Ridden Monsters add the number of riders to their Unit Strength.

Monsters have a Line of Sight value of 5.

Monsters have an approved base size of 50x50mm, 50x75mm, 50x100mm, 100x150mm.

In a similar manner to cavalry, a chariot has more than one set of characteristics, one for the beasts, one for the crew and one for the chariot itself, and is treated as a single model. When moving, the chariot model always uses its own Movement characteristic. However, it may not pivot on the spot like other lone models without Reforming.

The crew and the beasts use their own Weapon Skill, Strength, Initiative and Attacks characteristics when they attack. Each can attack any opponent that the chariot model is in base contact with, although the beasts can only fight enemies to the front.

The Wounds and Toughness of the crew and the beasts are never used – hits are resolved against the chariot's Wounds and Toughness. It is the crew's Weapon Skill that is used for the purposes of the enemy rolling to hit, just as with cavalry. We assume the crew to be in complete control of the beasts that pull the chariot, so the beasts' Leadership is never used.

Any missile weapons use the Ballistic Skill of the crew when making Shooting attacks. The crew can fire in 360 degrees around them, rather than only firing at targets within their forward arc. This only applies to any missile weapons carried by the crew themselves; any missile weapons mounted on the chariot itself can only fire in the model's forward arc as normal.

Many Chariots have an armour save detailed in their army list entry, which is combined with any armour the crew might have.

Chariots cannot make supporting attacks – the rigid body of the chariot prevents other ranks from forcing their way through to attack the foe. However, Chariots in the second rank add +D3 Impact Hits to the chariots in the first rank.

Some characters can ride chariots. If a character has taken a chariot as a mount, the whole model is treated as having the troop type "chariot" and follows all the rules for both characters and chariot models. A chariot mount otherwise follows all the rules for Cavalry in regard to Split Profile. If the chariot includes any crew in addition to the character, their armour saves are ignored when calculating the overall armour save of the model – only the character's own armour save is used.

Chariots are subject to the following special rules: Impact Hits (D6).

Some chariots are equipped with massive scythes and instead have Impact Hits (D6+1). This will be specified in their entry.

Just as with cavalry, we assume that special rules that apply to the mounts do not normally also apply to the chariot or its crew, and vice versa. Remember though that there are exceptions, as detailed under the rules for cavalry.

A rank of chariots needs only three models to count for rank bonus, steadfast and so on.

Chariots are primarily created to operate over firm, even ground. As a result, a chariot that finds itself moving through terrain is likely to have a very bumpy (and possibly fatal) ride. See Battlefield Terrain for details on chariots and Dangerous Terrain tests.

Chariots have a Unit Strength equal to their starting number of Wounds and add the number of additional crew and/or mounts purchased to their Unit Strength.

Chariots have a Line of Sight value of 2.

Chariots have an approved base size of 40x40mm, 50x50mm, 50x100mm and 60x100mm.

War Machines have a Unit Strength equal to their current number of crew.

Unless specified, any special rules a War Machine might have apply to both the War Machine and the crew.

War Machines have a Line of Sight value of 1.

War Machines often do not have base sizes. In case you wish to mount your war machine on a base, they have an approved base size of 50x50mm to 50x100mm or 50mm to 100mm if you use round bases (scenic bases do not count). War machine crew have an approved base size of 20x20mm and 25x25mm.

In a similar manner to a chariot, a shrine can often have more than one set of characteristics, one for the creatures pulling or carrying the shrine, one for the crew and one for the shrine itself, and is treated as a single model.

Unlike most other units, a shrine may join other units of Infantry (except Skirmishers) following the rules for Characters and Units in the Characters chapter.

When moving, the shrine model uses its own Movement characteristic. The crew and the creatures pulling the shrine use their own Weapon Skill, Strength, Initiative and Attacks characteristics when they attack. Each can attack any opponent that the shrine model is in base contact with. If the crew models have missile weapons, they use their own Ballistic Skill when making Shooting attacks.

The Wounds and Toughness of the crew and the creatures are never used – hits are resolved against the shrine's Wounds and Toughness. It is the crew's Weapon Skill that is used for the purposes of the enemy rolling to hit, just as with cavalry.

Some Shrines have an armour save detailed in their army list entry, which is combined with any armour the crew might have.

Some characters can be mounted upon shrines. If a character has taken a shrine as a mount, the whole model is treated as having the troop type "shrine" and follows all the rules for both characters and shrine models. A shrine mount otherwise follows all the rules for Cavalry in regard to Split Profile. If the shrine includes any crew in addition to the character, their armour saves are ignored when calculating the overall armour save of the model – only the character's own armour save is used.

Shrines are primarily created to operate over firm, even ground. As a result, a shrine that finds itself moving through terrain is likely to have a very bumpy (and possibly fatal) ride. See Battlefield Terrain for details on shrines and Dangerous Terrain tests.

Shrines have a Unit Strength equal to their starting number of Wounds.

Shrines have a Line of Sight value of 2.

Shrines have an approved base size of a minimum of 40x40mm to a maximum of 60x100mm.

Most army books use "standard bearer" and "musician" as generic terms, even though the model itself might carry an icon, pennant, drum, horn, or some other instrument entirely -- the rule still applies the same way. A champion is different: it's rarely labelled simply "champion," instead going by whatever rank or name that unit uses. If a unit has a champion option, it'll be whichever one isn't clearly a standard bearer or musician -- and a champion always has a slightly different characteristic profile from the rest of the unit, which makes it easy to spot if there's ever any doubt.

Command group models must be placed in the unit's front rank, fighting alongside the troops they lead by example -- unless there simply isn't room, in which case as many as possible go in front and the rest in the rank behind. Whenever a unit reforms, its command group automatically repositions into the new front rank, regardless of distance.

A champion always has a slightly better profile than the rest of their unit, most often an extra Attack (in a close-combat-focused unit) or an extra point of Ballistic Skill (in a shooting-focused one) -- some champions carry other characteristic bonuses too, shown directly on their own profile.

A champion model usually looks different from the rest of its unit, but always counts as carrying exactly the same weapons and armour -- unless its own Warhammer Armies book explicitly gives it access to equipment the rest of the unit can't take.

A champion shoots using its own characteristics, but must fire at the same target as the rest of its unit -- it's worth rolling its shots on a different colour of dice if its Ballistic Skill differs from the unit's.

A champion can never be targeted directly by enemy attacks, and can only be removed as a casualty once no other rank-and-file models (including the standard bearer or musician) remain in the unit -- so a unit of three models that suffers 3 or more unsaved wounds has its champion among the casualties.

A unit with a champion may re-roll a failed test to march despite nearby enemies, to reform, or to restrain from pursuit.

A standard bearer always shares its unit's own profile, and counts as carrying the same weapons and armour as the rest of the unit, even if the model itself is shown without a shield or with a lighter weapon -- assumed to have set aside anything too cumbersome to keep the banner aloft, its fighting prowess otherwise unaffected.

A unit that includes a standard bearer adds +1 to its combat result, as covered in the Combat Resolution chapter.

A standard bearer can't normally be removed as a casualty -- even from an effect that targets a single model, like a Dangerous Terrain test or a Sniper attack -- unless only the champion (if any) remains alongside them, since another warrior is always assumed to catch the falling banner. If the champion is the only other model left, the standard bearer must be removed before the champion.

A musician shares its unit's own profile and wargear, the same as a standard bearer -- its skill and determination assumed to make up for anything the model itself isn't shown carrying.

If a combat is going poorly, a unit's musician plays louder to spur its comrades on -- a side with a musician in the front rank of one or more units wins any drawn close combat by 1, unless the enemy also has a musician there, in which case the two efforts cancel out.

A fleeing unit with a musician may re-roll its Leadership test whenever it attempts to rally.

A musician can't be removed as a casualty unless only the standard bearer and/or champion (if either are present) remain alongside them -- assumed to have the fallen musician's instrument picked up and kept playing. If only the standard bearer and/or champion remain, the musician must be the next casualty taken.

A unit that isn't fleeing or in combat, and has a musician, can make a swift reform during its Remaining Moves sub-phase instead of an ordinary one -- treated just like a normal reform, except: it can't change its number of ranks, only pivot on the spot like a lone model; it can still make a full normal move afterward despite that normally being forbidden after a reform (though it can't march that turn); and it can still shoot afterward, though it counts as having moved either way, suffering the usual -1 shooting modifier and unable to fire Move or Fire weapons.

A character is a special kind of unit that can operate alone or join another friendly unit, usually with noticeably better characteristics than an ordinary member of their race.

A character can normally join a unit of infantry, cavalry, monstrous infantry, monstrous beasts, or monstrous cavalry -- including a unit made entirely of other characters from one of those troop types. A character can never join a unit of a troop type with higher Unit Strength than its own, unless stated otherwise.

Unless stated otherwise, a character also can't join a unit of monsters, flyers (unless it's a flyer of the same troop type itself), chariots (unless it's mounted on a chariot itself), swarms, or a war machine -- and a character that's itself a war machine, monster, or mounted on a monster or chariot can't join any other unit (barring those same exceptions). A character can never join a unit already in close combat or fleeing.

To join a unit, a character moves into base contact with it during the Movement phase -- once joined this way, neither the character nor the unit can move any further that phase, so it's worth planning the order of your moves carefully (move the unit first, then have the character join it, since a unit that's already moved can still be joined afterward). A unit only counts as having moved if it moved itself, not simply because a character moved to join it.

A joining character is placed in the unit's front rank, regardless of distance, with rank-and-file models (including the command group) shuffled back to the second rank to make room. If there's no room left in the front rank, the character can't join until the unit reforms to make space.

Most of the time a character shares its unit's own base size, simply taking a spot in the front rank as described above. A character with a larger base needs a little more care: if its footprint exactly matches the space of two or more rank-and-file models, displace those models to the back rank and place the character in their spot -- the unit's ranks (and rank bonus) are then worked out as if that space were still filled with ordinary troops. If the character's footprint doesn't fit neatly, place it at the edge of the unit instead, beside the front rank and facing the same way as the rest of the unit -- in this case its own footprint isn't assumed to be backed by rank-and-file troops.

A character who joins a unit affected by a spell covering the whole unit only benefits (or suffers) from it while they remain part of that unit. Likewise, a spell cast on the character themself continues to affect any unit they later join, for as long as they stay in it and the spell lasts.

A character who's joined a unit that later flees still counts toward whether that unit is at or above 25% of its starting numbers for Rally test purposes.

A unit always moves at the pace of its slowest model -- when it moves, charges, flees, or pursues, use the lowest Movement value and rules of its slowest troop type. Any movement restriction on the character applies to the whole combined unit while they're part of it, and vice versa.

A character may reposition within the unit as part of a normal move, as long as they end up in the front rank -- and even if only the character actually moves, the whole unit still counts as having moved that turn. If a unit containing a character has had its Movement Allowance altered, that change follows the character if they leave the unit (including to charge out of it), but only for that one move.

Missile attacks (other than templates) can't target a character in a combined unit while five or more rank-and-file models of the same troop type (not counting other characters) remain -- every hit is allocated to the rank-and-file instead, since the enemy can't reliably pick the character out. If the character has a different troop type with higher Unit Strength than the rest of the unit, though, it can be targeted separately -- roll a D6 for each hit that would land on it; on a 4+ the hit is allocated to the unit instead. This still applies even if the enemy only has line of sight to the character and not the rest of the unit.

With fewer than five rank-and-file models left, characters become vulnerable to being hit -- the controlling player chooses which model takes each hit, but must allocate one hit to every model in the unit before adding a second hit to any of them, two hits to every model before a third, and so on.

If a character is hit by a template weapon or template spell, a nearby comrade automatically shouts a warning or shoves them clear, taking the hit instead -- no roll needed, and this isn't treated as a save for any other rules purpose. This can't be used with fewer than five rank-and-file models (including the command group) left in the unit, and only protects a character sharing the unit's own troop type.

In the Close Combat phase, an enemy model in base contact with both the character and one or more of their unit's other models may choose to attack the character, the unit, or split its attacks between them -- declared before any dice are rolled. If the character is slain, any excess wounds beyond what killed them are simply lost, not carried over onto the rest of the unit.

At the start of a round of close combat (before Impact Hits), if a character's unit is fighting but the character themself isn't in base contact with the enemy, their controlling player may swap the character's position with another model -- rank-and-file or command group -- that is in contact, moving the character into the fight. If both sides have one or more stranded characters wanting to do this, roll off to see who goes first, then alternate. Only a character whose footprint actually fits the unit's rank-and-file can Make Way, and it can only move them to another spot in the front rank -- never to a flank or rear rank.

As covered earlier, a unit always tests Leadership using the highest value present -- in a combined unit that's usually the character, though occasionally the rank-and-file themselves have the edge, particularly among elite troops.

Unless its own text says otherwise, a special rule that applies only to a character doesn't extend to their unit, and vice versa -- most special rules represent a specific skill or power that simply doesn't rub off on bystanders. Spells and magic items that grant special rules or other effects to a unit, however, affect everyone in the combined unit, character included.

As soon as the last rank-and-file model of a unit is removed, any characters still with it become a new unit of their own -- and since the original unit has been destroyed, this triggers Panic tests in every friendly unit within 6", including the newly formed character unit itself.

A lone character makes a tempting target, but picking one out amid the chaos of battle is harder than it looks -- if a lone character is hit by any shooting attack, a "Look Out, Sir!" roll can be attempted as long as a friendly unit of five or more rank-and-file models sharing the character's own troop type is within 3". Roll a D6: on a 4+, the hit transfers to that unit instead (the controlling player chooses which eligible unit, if more than one qualifies); otherwise it's resolved against the character as normal. Unlike the automatic version used in a combined unit, this version requires a roll, since it's much harder to warn a friend from a distance.

A challenge is issued at the start of a round of close combat, before any blows are struck but after Impact Hits -- only one per combat, with the side whose turn it is getting first refusal to issue one before the other side may. The issuing player nominates one of their own characters in the fight; if they have no character present, or the enemy has none to answer it, no challenge can be issued at all. Once a challenge has been made, no further challenges can be issued in that combat.

A challenge can be accepted by any of the defending player's characters whose own unit is in base contact with the challenger's unit -- neither character actually needs to be in base contact with an enemy themself, just part of a unit that is. The two then fight as described under Fighting a Challenge.

If no enemy character steps up, one must retire in disgrace instead, nominated by the challenger (from among those who could have accepted). The refusing character is moved out of base contact with the enemy, can't attack that round, and their Leadership can't be used for any Leadership test that turn -- another model steps into their place just as if they'd been slain. Once refused, the original challenger fights normally that round.

A character can't refuse a challenge if there's genuinely no way to move them out of base contact with the enemy -- most often because they're a lone character, their unit is small and surrounded, or they're fighting from a Shrine that must stay in the unit's front rank. They simply have to fight.

An accepted challenge moves both characters into base contact with each other if at all possible -- if that's genuinely not possible, treat them as being in base contact anyway. For that round, the two direct all their attacks at each other (aside from Breath Weapons, Impact Hits, and Stomps, which still hit the unit as normal), and can't be attacked by anyone else -- though other special rules affecting models in base contact still apply normally.

If one character kills the other, any wounds inflicted beyond what was needed to finish them off count toward their side's own combat result, up to a maximum of +3 -- an exception to the usual rule that a model can't suffer more wounds than it has, so add up every wound actually inflicted, including from multi-wound weapons or repeated Killing Blows (each one scoring wounds equal to the victim's own Wounds characteristic).

If both characters survive and the combat continues, they keep fighting each other in the next round too -- no new challenge can be issued in that combat until the existing one is resolved.

As long as the General isn't fleeing, every friendly unit within 12" may use the General's own Leadership instead of its own for tests (so it's worth rallying your General first), unless a specific rule requires a unit's unmodified Leadership instead. If the General has a Line of Sight value of 5 or more, Inspiring Presence's range extends by a further 6". Any Leadership modifier a unit would normally apply still applies even when using the General's value instead.

A Steadfast unit may use the General's Leadership for its Break test if it's higher than the unit's own Leadership after combat resolution modifiers are applied -- otherwise it uses its own. For example, a Steadfast unit with Leadership 7 that lost the combat by 1, within Inspiring Presence range of a Leadership 9 General, tests on Leadership 8 (borrowing the General's value). Had it instead lost by 3, it would test on its own Leadership 7, since that beats the General's Leadership 9 reduced to 6 by the same modifier.

Like an ordinary standard, a battle standard in a friendly unit adds +1 to that unit's combat result.

Friendly models within 12" of the Battle Standard Bearer may re-roll failed Panic and Break tests, drawing courage from its steadying presence -- unless the Battle Standard Bearer is itself fleeing, in which case the effect doesn't apply. If the Battle Standard Bearer has a Line of Sight value of 5 or more, this range also extends by 6".

A war machine has two profiles, one for the machine and one for its crew. Always use the crew's Movement, Weapon Skill, Ballistic Skill, Strength, Initiative, Attacks, and Leadership. The war machine's own Toughness is used against ranged attacks, while the crew's majority Toughness is used against close combat attacks; the crew's armour save (if any) applies against both. A war machine's Wounds always equal the crew's remaining Wounds (as stated in its own entry) -- the Wounds value on the machine's own profile exists only for completeness.

Any characteristic test a war machine needs to take uses the crew's own values.

A war machine unit is the machine plus its crew, but since the crew isn't really a fighting unit in its own right, it's ignored for most purposes -- the war machine itself is treated as the whole unit. Remove a crew model whenever the war machine suffers a wound; once every crew model is gone, the war machine itself is removed from play, and if the war machine is removed as a casualty, any remaining crew go with it. The crew exist only to track remaining Wounds and close combat Attacks, so simply arrange them within 1" of the war machine however looks good.

The crew can never be charged, attacked, or otherwise affected separately from their war machine -- if they end up blocking movement or line of sight, just reposition them, the same as any other battlefield marker.

A war machine model without a base doesn't measure to a base -- measure to and from the body of the machine instead (the central chassis or the weapon itself, ignoring spikes, ammunition piles, banners, and similar decoration).

When firing, range is measured from the muzzle (for a cannon, volley gun, or similar) or the crossbar (for a stone thrower or similar catapult) -- for anything unusual enough to lack either, pick a sensible, consistent point to measure from instead.

A war machine's crew can wheel or drag it short distances, moving using the rules for lone models -- using the crew's own Movement characteristic. Move the war machine itself first (all distances measure from the machine, not the crew), then place the crew within 1" of it afterward.

A war machine can never charge or march. If charged, it can only Hold, since the crew won't abandon it -- and if forced to flee (a failed Break test, for instance), it's destroyed instead, its crew assumed to sabotage it before fleeing for good.

A war machine treats any terrain other than open ground and hills as impassable. It may deploy inside a building or other terrain, but if it does, it can't move for the rest of the game except to pivot on the spot.

Even though most war machines have no base, a unit charging one must still close the door and align to the centre of its body, as defined above.

Shooting at a war machine (including spells and templates) resolves normally, using the war machine's own Toughness -- the crew are assumed to be sheltering behind its bulk. The crew's own armour save is still used to try to prevent wounds, since it's really them the attack is trying to kill.

Unless stated otherwise, every weapon covered in this chapter has the Move or Fire and Slow to Fire special rules, and each type fires according to its own specific rules below. Line of sight is always taken from the chosen firing point (its muzzle or crossbar), the same point used for range.

Unlike other lone models, pivoting a war machine during the Movement phase counts as moving, so it can't fire that turn if it does -- pivot it to face its target directly, within its forward arc, before firing in the Shooting phase. For weapons that use Ballistic Skill, use the highest Ballistic Skill among the crew; unless stated otherwise, war machines don't suffer the usual To Hit penalties for moving and shooting or for firing Multiple Shots.

A war machine's crew typically fights from behind, beneath, or within its frame rather than in the open -- a valid tactic, since only so many enemies can physically crowd around the machine. Enemies charging a war machine lose all charging bonuses, including any from special rules.

At the start of the Close Combat phase, before any blows are struck, the attacking player chooses models worth up to Unit Strength 6 to form the assault party actually fighting the war machine (at least one model can always be chosen, regardless of its own Unit Strength) -- this applies no matter how many units are attacking. Every chosen model counts as being in base contact with the war machine; a model already in base contact with a different enemy can't be chosen, since it's too busy with its own fight.

The combat otherwise resolves normally -- casualties come from the "back" as usual, with surviving crew stepping up to keep fighting using their own Weapon Skill, Strength, Initiative, and Attacks, while enemy attacks resolve against the crew's Weapon Skill and Toughness (with the crew free to take any saves they're entitled to).

A war machine has no flank or rear for combat result purposes. If it wins the round, it can't pursue and automatically restrains -- the crew simply hold their ground and keep working the machine. If it loses and fails its Break test, it's destroyed.

A war machine that fails a Panic test doesn't flee -- instead its crew dive for cover beneath the machine and can't shoot in their next Shooting phase, though this doesn't stop them clearing a jam or other misfire result.

Choose a target following the normal shooting rules, pivot to face it like any war machine, then roll to hit using the crew's Ballistic Skill exactly as for a normal missile weapon -- every usual To Hit penalty applies (except for firing Multiple Shots), since it's essentially just a massive crossbow. A missed shot simply lands harmlessly; a hit is resolved using the rules below.

Against a unit of five or more ranked-up models, the bolt always strikes an ordinary trooper in the front rank (if the bolt thrower is in the unit's forward arc) or the rear rank (if in its rear arc) -- if the bolt thrower is in the target's flank, use its files as ranks instead for this purpose.

The shot's mass lets it punch through several ranks in turn: resolve the first hit at the bolt thrower's full Strength 6; if that model is slain, the bolt continues into the rank behind at -1 Strength (Strength 5), then -2 Strength (Strength 4) against the next, and so on, until it either runs out of ranks or fails to slay its target (every hit, whatever its Strength, still carries Multiple Wounds).

If the rank struck is made up entirely of characters, or the unit has fewer than five rank-and-file models, randomise which model in the rank is actually hit instead.

A cannon doesn't use its crew's Ballistic Skill -- instead it relies on their skill at judging distance, elevation, and the right amount of black powder.

Pivot to face the target as with any war machine, then nominate a model or building within line of sight, outside minimum range and within maximum range. Place a small marker where the shot is meant to land -- it can never be placed over a friendly model, or an enemy model already in combat, since the crew won't deliberately target their own side (though a wayward shot might still hit them by accident).

Once the marker is placed, roll a scatter die and an artillery die. Barring a misfire, a Hit! result on the scatter die means the shot lands exactly on target (ignore the artillery die's number entirely); an arrow result means it scatters instead -- move the marker a number of inches equal to half the artillery die's result, in the direction shown. Extend a straight "shot" line with your tape measure from the cannon's barrel through the marker -- that's the path the cannonball travels. A misfire means something's gone wrong -- roll on the Black Powder War Machine Misfire chart; whatever the result, the cannon doesn't fire this turn.

Assuming no misfire, roll the artillery die again to see how far the cannonball bounces onward. A misfire on this roll means it simply thuds into the ground where it landed, hitting only whatever model is directly underneath. Otherwise, extend the shot line the distance rolled -- the ball stops immediately if it bounces into impassable terrain that would genuinely block it, like a sheer cliff.

The cannonball's bounce is treated like a special template roughly the width of the ball itself -- any model whose base lies between where it first struck and where it comes to rest is hit automatically, with two exceptions: only one model per rank struck can be hit (using files as ranks if the cannon is in the target's flank), and a monster or monstrous infantry/beast/cavalry model that's hit but not slain absorbs the ball's remaining momentum entirely, stopping the shot from travelling any further.

Damage differs depending on whether the ball strikes directly or during its bounce. A normal Cannon has both Multiple Wounds (D6) and (D3): a direct hit (on the model at the original marker position) inflicts D6 Wounds, while a hit from the bounce only inflicts D3. A Great Cannon inflicts D6 Wounds on both a direct hit and the bounce alike.

Cannon crew can load rusty nails, handgun bullets, and other scrap instead of a normal shot, firing it like a huge blunderbuss.

Choose a target as normal, then roll an artillery die and a D6 to determine the number of shots fired. A misfire on the artillery die sends you to the Black Powder War Machine Misfire chart instead; otherwise, roll to hit with a number of shots equal to the artillery die plus the D6, resolving successful hits against the grapeshot profile above.

Roll a D6 on the table below whenever a black powder weapon misfires.

Pivot to face the target as with any war machine, then nominate a model or building within line of sight (ignoring other models in the same unit), outside minimum range and within maximum range. Place the small round (3") template centred over the target -- it can never be placed over a friendly model, or an enemy model already in combat, since the crew won't deliberately target their own side (though a wayward shot might still hit them by accident).

Once the template is placed, roll a scatter die and an artillery die. A misfire sends you to the Stone Thrower Misfire table instead, and the stone thrower doesn't fire this turn regardless of the result. Otherwise, a Hit! on the scatter die means the shot lands exactly on target (ignore the artillery die); an arrow means it scatters -- move the template a number of inches equal to the artillery die's result, in the direction shown.

The model under the template's central hole (if any) takes an automatic hit at the stone thrower's higher Strength (normally 10) -- if the hole ends up over several models after scattering, pick one at random. Every other model wholly or partially under the template takes an automatic hit at the lower Strength (normally 4) instead, showered by debris rather than struck directly.

The stone thrower's Multiple Wounds (D6) rule applies only to the high-Strength hit under the central hole -- unsaved wounds from the low-Strength hits are never multiplied. This makes a stone thrower especially good at both killing tough single models and grinding through massed ranks at once.

A stone thrower's high arc lets it fire at targets it can't actually see -- declare an indirect shot before firing; it needs no line of sight, but is otherwise a normal shot with the usual range requirements. Indirect fire is less accurate: an arrow on the scatter die scatters as normal, but a Hit! doesn't land on target as it normally would -- instead it scatters a shorter distance in the direction shown by the Hit! symbol's own small arrow, equal to the artillery die's result minus the crew's Ballistic Skill (to a minimum of zero). Everything else about an indirect shot follows the normal stone thrower rules.

Roll a D6 on the table below whenever a stone thrower misfires.

Place the teardrop-shaped template with its narrow end touching the fire thrower's barrel and its wide end aimed at any enemy model or building in line of sight. Roll the artillery die and move the template directly forward that many inches -- that's where the flame lands, and it can overshoot a target entirely if the crew aim too high. If the fire thrower has a range value instead, place the narrow end anywhere within that range of the barrel.

Every model under the template is hit automatically -- a unit suffering any casualties this way must take a Panic test, even though Fire Throwers aren't physical attacks. A misfire means the weapon simply doesn't fire -- roll on the Black Powder War Machine Misfire chart to find out why.

Open ground is the default terrain type -- anything not specifically classed as something else. Every rule elsewhere in the book already assumes open terrain, so it needs no further detail here.

Impassable terrain covers anything units physically can't enter, or can't survive entering -- lava fields, deep lakes, chasms. Units can never voluntarily deploy in, enter, move into, or cross impassable terrain; they must go around. A unit can still flee through it, taking Dangerous Terrain tests as it does. Impassable terrain has a Line of Sight value of 5.

A model that marches, charges, flees, overruns, or pursues into or through dangerous terrain must take a Dangerous Terrain test -- roll a D6; on a 2-6 it passes through safely, but on a 1 it suffers a wound with no armour saves allowed.

Cavalry, monstrous cavalry, chariots, and shrines treat any terrain other than open ground as dangerous terrain (representing the risk of riding at speed). A chariot or shrine that fails a Dangerous Terrain test this way suffers D6 Wounds instead of 1.

A hill has a Line of Sight value of 2 for each "level" it has. Models standing on top of a hill level add this to their own Line of Sight value.

Unless stated otherwise, hills are treated as open ground -- among other things, this means they don't cause Dangerous Terrain tests for cavalry or other mounted models.

Models on a hill can more easily trace line of sight past other models on a lower level, making hills useful vantage points for missile troops.

If a unit charged and the majority of its models began the turn uphill from the enemy unit(s) it charged, it receives +1 combat result.

Hills come in almost infinite variety -- a few examples follow, using the same rules given above unless stated otherwise.

Any unit within 6" of an Anvil of Vaul gains the Flaming Attacks and Magical Attacks special rules.

Models charging, marching, fleeing, pursuing, or overrunning up, down, or through a scree slope must take a Dangerous Terrain test.

At the start of each player turn, any character or champion on the Temple of Skulls may choose to embrace the favour of the Chaos Gods -- roll a D6. On a 2-6, one randomly chosen characteristic increases by D3 points. On a 1, the Chaos Gods claim their soul instead -- remove the model as a casualty with no saves of any kind allowed.

A forest has a Line of Sight value of 5 -- models in or behind it can't see or be seen through more than 5" of forest between them and the enemy, but can see and be seen normally through less than that (as long as a Line of Sight can otherwise be drawn). A forest's own "base" doesn't otherwise block line of sight.

Cavalry, monstrous cavalry, or chariot models that march, charge, overrun, flee, or pursue through a forest must take a Dangerous Terrain test, as must Flying models that begin or end a flying move inside one.

A unit counts as being in soft cover if the majority of its models are within a forest. The same applies to a target beyond a forest if the shooter's own line of fire passes through it (even if the forest's trees have since been rearranged or removed in-game -- treat them as still being in their original position). This penalty doesn't apply if the shooting model is itself firing out of the forest it's standing in.

A unit with the majority of its models fighting in a forest can never gain rank bonus -- it's too difficult to hold tight formation among the trees.

A few examples of forests follow, using the rules above unless stated otherwise.

Any unit at least partially within an Ancient Forest suffers a -1 penalty to its Movement value.

A unit with the majority of its models within an Abyssal Wood suffers -1 to its Leadership -- this has no effect on models with Immunity (Psychology).

Whenever a spell is successfully cast by (or at) a model in a Blood Forest, every unit wholly or partially within it suffers D6 Strength 4 hits. Once those hits are resolved, the Blood Forest itself moves 2D6" in a random direction, moving around any intervening terrain by the shortest route -- this doesn't move the models that were inside it; the forest simply walks off and leaves them behind.

Any unit at least partially within a Fungus Forest is subject to the rules for Stupidity. A Forest Goblin unit at least partially within one is also Stubborn.

Any model in a Venom Thicket has the Poisoned Attacks special rule (close combat attacks only). Any model moving through one must also take a Dangerous Terrain test, representing its attempt to fend off the venomous critters within.

Roll for any unit at least partially within a Wildwood at the end of the Movement phase -- on a 4+, it suffers D6 Strength 4 hits.

For Line of Sight purposes, treat rivers as open terrain.

The weight of the water makes it impossible to march through a river -- movement is otherwise unaffected.

A unit at least partially in a river can never gain rank bonus -- the footing is too treacherous.

A bridge, ford, or similar crossing point is normally treated as open terrain, but only for a unit in a narrow enough formation to actually fit across it -- otherwise treat the whole unit as being in the river instead.

A few examples of rivers follow, using the rules above unless stated otherwise.

Any model at least partially in a Boiling Flood at the end of any turn suffers a Strength 4 hit with no armour saves allowed. Models immune to Flaming Attacks are unaffected.

Necrotic Ooze counts as dangerous terrain for every model. A unit that moves through it also gains the Poisoned Attacks special rule until the end of the following player turn.

A Raging Torrent is dangerous terrain that causes a failed Dangerous Terrain test on a 1-2, instead of just a 1.

A unit that moves or charges through a River of Blood causes Fear until the end of the following player turn.

When a unit enters a River of Light, it's immediately the target of a randomly chosen Light Magic spell -- automatically cast and impossible to dispel. If the spell has a choice of casting values, it's assumed to be cast at the lower one.

For Line of Sight purposes, treat marshland as open terrain.

A unit at least partially within marshland suffers a -1 penalty to its Movement value. Marshland is dangerous terrain for every unit except those with the Skirmish special rule; cavalry, monstrous cavalry, and chariots entering it fail their Dangerous Terrain tests on a 1 or 2, rather than just a 1.

All marshland is dangerous, though its exact nature (and degree of peril) varies -- a few examples follow, using the rules above unless stated otherwise.

Any unit with the majority of its models within an Earthblood Mere has Regeneration (6+).

A monster, monstrous infantry, or monstrous cavalry model that fails its Dangerous Terrain test in Khemrian Quicksand is removed as a casualty with no saves of any kind allowed.

A unit with the majority of its models wholly within a Mist-Wreathed Swamp counts as being in hard cover. However, at the end of each Movement phase it must pass an Initiative test or have D6 Infantry models dragged to their doom by the Fimir lurking in the mist (victims chosen the same way as shooting hits are allocated) -- Fimir models are unaffected.

A cavalry, monstrous cavalry, chariot, or shrine model that marches, charges, flees, pursues, or overruns over an obstacle -- or charges an enemy on its far side -- must take a Dangerous Terrain test. Obstacles otherwise don't impede movement; a unit that ends its move straddling one simply places its models on both sides with no ill effect.

An obstacle has a Line of Sight value of 0. A model behind an obstacle and in base contact with it counts as in cover (of the appropriate type) when shot at -- for a unit, the majority of its models must be behind the obstacle to gain this. A firing model that's itself in base contact with an obstacle may ignore it for line of sight purposes, leaning over it to fire.

A unit charging an enemy touching the far side of an obstacle treats the obstacle as "defended" -- measure the charge distance to the obstacle itself, and if successful, move into contact with the obstacle rather than the enemy unit, maximising models from both sides in contact as normal. Models from the charging unit in base contact with the obstacle suffer a penalty depending on the obstacle's type, but only on the turn they charge, not in later rounds. If there isn't room for a rank of chargers to fit between the obstacle and the charged unit, it's fine to temporarily remove the obstacle for the duration of the combat.

Charging a unit behind an obstacle loses all charging bonuses entirely -- no +1 combat result, no lance or similar weapon bonus, and no Impact Hits -- since a charge can't build up any real momentum in such a confined space.

A few examples of obstacles follow, using the rules above unless stated otherwise.

Blazing Barricades grant soft cover to units behind them. A unit that completes a charge against a defended Blazing Barricade immediately suffers one Strength 4 hit on each model in contact with it.

Blessed Bulwarks grant hard cover to units behind them, and a -1 To Hit modifier to charging models in contact with them. Models from the Forces of Destruction in base contact with one must also halve their Initiative.

Fences and hedges grant soft cover to units behind them, and a -1 To Hit modifier to charging models in contact with them.

A Ghost Fence grants soft cover to units behind it. A unit defending one causes Fear in the first round of any close combat.

A wall grants hard cover to units behind it, and a -1 To Hit modifier to charging models in contact with it.

A few examples follow, using the rules above unless stated otherwise.

All units within 6" of an Altar of Khaine are subject to the rules for Frenzy -- lost as soon as a unit moves out of range. A unit already subject to Frenzy instead gains +2 Attacks, but must re-roll a passed Leadership test to restrain itself from charging.

Any Wizard within 6" of Arcane Ruins may re-roll failed attempts to channel power and dispel dice.

Hits made against units within 6" of a Bane Stone get a +1 bonus to wound.

All units within 6" of a Charnel Pit suffer a -1 penalty to their Leadership. Undead units within 6" also gain the Regeneration (6+) special rule.

Any Wizard within 6" of an Elven Waystone adds +1 to their channelling attempts.

Units that start the turn within 6" of the Idol can re-roll a failed charge distance roll.

Units within 6" of a Magic Circle have the Magic Resistance (2) special rule.

At the start of each player turn, roll a die for every unit within 6" of the Sinister Statue. On a 4+, nothing happens; on a 1-3, beams of light blaze from its eyes and the unit suffers D6 Strength 4 hits.

At the start of the Magic phase, after power and dispel dice are generated but before any spells are cast, the Sorcerous Portal belches forth a spell of its own. Roll 2D6 on the table below to see which:

The spell needs no line of sight, always targets the closest unit (regardless of range or whether it's in combat), is automatically cast, and can't be dispelled. If it has a choice of casting values, it's assumed to be cast at the lower one.

Provided it's not in combat, a unit within 3" of a Wyrding Well can drink from it at the end of its Movement phase -- roll a D6 on the table below for the outcome:

A building has a Line of Sight value of 5 for each floor it has -- a model gains +5 to its own Line of Sight value for every floor it's on above the first.

Buildings otherwise act as impassable terrain, except that units may enter and "garrison" them -- a unit is always either garrisoning a building or not in contact with it at all, never moving through or sitting on top of one.

A unit can garrison an unoccupied building by moving into base contact with it during the Movement phase. Unless stated otherwise, only infantry, war beasts, and swarms can garrison a building; war machines can be deployed inside one only if there's room to deploy on the top floor. A unit can't garrison a building in the same turn it marched or reformed.

Since there's rarely room to actually fit every model in or on the structure, it's fine to place one representative model (a standard bearer is ideal) in, on, or next to the building and set the rest of the unit aside, as a reminder of who's inside.

Each building holds a single unit, plus any characters that have joined it -- once garrisoned, no other unit can enter until the current occupants leave or are driven out. A character can join a garrisoned unit by moving into base contact with the building.

A garrison can exit during its Remaining Moves sub-phase, though not the same turn it garrisoned the building -- placed in any legal formation with its rear rank at least 1" from the building (and no model within 1" of it), no model further than double its Movement value away. The unit can't move any further that turn, and this is the only way a garrison can leave voluntarily -- it can never charge directly out of a building. A unit that's Frenzied or otherwise forced to charge exits toward the nearest enemy instead, rather than actually charging.

Buildings offer no extra protection against magic missiles or spells that affect a whole unit or target individual models. Template spells and Miscast damage follow the usual template rules for buildings (hitting D6 models -- see Template Weapons). A Wizard inside a building casts spells normally, following the line of sight and range rules below.

A garrison can shoot in the Shooting phase, tracing line of sight from any point on the building -- its forward arc is treated as a full 360 degrees. Range for a garrison's shooting is always measured from the closest point of the building. War Machines must still pivot on the spot as normal.

Only five models are normally assumed to be able to shoot per floor of a building -- agree a different number with your opponent beforehand if you'd rather.

Enemy models can shoot at a building's garrison if they have line of sight to the building and it's within their forward arc -- the garrison counts as being in hard cover, otherwise resolved normally. A garrison is considered too spread out for multi-rank attacks like bolt throwers, which only ever hit one model.

A template weapon (a stone thrower or cannon, for instance) inflicts D6 hits on any unit in a building it touches -- a stone thrower's hits use its higher Strength only if the template's centre lies over the building, otherwise its lower Strength applies. No single model can ever suffer more than one hit from the same template weapon. For example, a building hit by a cannonball takes D6 Strength 10 hits on the unit inside, and since the cannon has Multiple Wounds (D6), every unsaved wound multiplies to D6.

Taking an occupied building means storming it -- an assault. Each occupied building can be assaulted by only one unit per Movement phase; the assaulting unit declares a charge against the building itself (needing line of sight to the building, not the models inside). If several units are forced to declare against the same building, only one can actually complete the charge -- the controlling player picks which, after charge distances are rolled, and the rest automatically fail.

An assault charge resolves exactly like charging the building as if it were the target unit -- succeeding if the charge distance reaches it, and otherwise failing as normal. The assaulting unit can't also charge another target at the same time; it wheels to maximise contact with the building and closes the door without touching any enemy unit outside it. If a unit assaulting a building is itself charged, the assault is abandoned (the assaulting unit moves back 1") and the two units outside fight a normal round of close combat instead.

Troop types that can't garrison a building can still assault it, except chariots. If the assault drives the defender out, the attacker still can't garrison the building in their place; for cavalry and monstrous cavalry, only the riders fight in the assault.

A garrisoned unit can only Hold or Stand & Shoot against an assault -- it can never Flee, even from a failed Terror test; a garrison that fails Terror is forced to Hold instead of fleeing as normal.

An assault isn't fought like a normal combat, since the two units aren't in base contact -- instead, a melee is assumed to swirl around the building's doors, windows, and other entry points. As with any charge in a confined space, models assaulting a building lose all charging bonuses: no +1 combat result, no lance or similar weapon bonus, and no Impact Hits.

At the start of the Close Combat phase, before any blows are struck, both players choose up to Unit Strength 10 models (minimum 1) from their unit to form the assault party that actually fights -- if a unit has fewer than ten models, there's no choice to make. Where characters are involved, this selection matters; players roll off to decide who picks first when it does.

A character not chosen for the assault party can't step up later to replace a casualty either -- they're too busy rallying the rest of the unit to join in.

Blows are struck in Initiative order as normal, directed at rank-and- file models in the assault unless the attacker says otherwise. If a character or similar model that could normally be singled out is part of the assault, up to half the enemy models may choose to attack them instead. Casualties come from the "back" of the unit as usual, with extra models stepping up to keep the assault party at full strength as long as there are survivors left to do so.

A single challenge may still be issued and accepted, but only between models already chosen for the two assault parties -- a challenge can't be used to bring extra models into the fight.

For special attacks (such as Stomps) and effects tied to base contact, a model fighting in a building is assumed to be in base contact with one enemy model nominated by its opponent -- unless it's fighting a challenge, in which case it's simply in contact with whoever it's challenging.

An assault's winner is worked out as for a normal close combat, except combat result points can only come from Wounds inflicted (including overkill wounds from a challenge) -- no bonus for standards, ranks, or flank/rear attacks (a unit in a building has no real flank or rear to speak of). A musician still wins a drawn combat as usual.

If the attacker wins, the defender takes a Break test -- a garrisoned unit always counts as Steadfast for this. If it fails, the garrison is placed outside, directly opposite the assaulting unit (as close as possible if that's not achievable), as if abandoning the building, then makes its flee move as normal. The attacker can't pursue, but may enter the building if its troop type allows it -- if it doesn't, it's moved directly back 1" instead.

If the garrison doesn't flee -- holding to a draw, winning, or losing but passing its Break test -- the attacker withdraws from the assault, nudged directly back 1". The combat ends there; the attacker must launch a fresh assault next turn (regardless of whose turn it technically is) to try again, though a unit assaulting or defending the same building across consecutive turns doesn't count as starting a new first round of combat. The assaulting unit never has to take its own Break test after a lost assault -- it simply retreats in good order.

A garrisoned unit takes Panic tests normally, measuring distance to the edge of the building, and flees as any unit breaking from combat would if it fails. A unit that breaks from combat or is destroyed while garrisoning a building can trigger Panic in friendly units as usual too.

These rules assume a fairly small (under 6"x6"), uniform building -- nothing stops a larger or more complex one, but it's usually best broken into several sections, each treated as its own separate building that can be occupied and assaulted independently.

A few examples follow, using the rules above unless stated otherwise.

Units within 6" of the Acropolis of Heroes are Stubborn. A unit garrisoning it gets +1 to hit in close combat.

All units within 6" of a Dwarf Brewhouse have the Immune to Psychology and Stubborn special rules. Dwarf units within 6" are also Unbreakable, but must pass a Leadership test with a -3 modifier to voluntarily move out of range.

All Forces of Order units within 6" of a Grail Chapel have the Regeneration (6+) special rule. Bretonnian units within 6" also gain Stubborn.

At the end of the Shooting phase, all units within 6" of a Haunted Mansion suffer D6 Strength 1 hits with no armour saves allowed -- models with the Undead special rule are unaffected. A unit inside the mansion itself causes Fear.

At the start of each player turn, the active player may have one character within 6" of the Sphynx challenge it to a riddling contest, taking an Initiative test. Failure costs the model a wound with no armour saves allowed. Success grants one of Devastating Charge, Heroic Killing Blow, or Loremaster (Death), chosen at random, for the rest of the game (Loremaster (Death) does nothing for a non-Wizard).

Any model belonging to a Forces of Destruction army within 6" of a Sigmarite Shrine must re-roll successful Ward saves.

Units within 6" of a Tower of Blood have the Hatred special rule. Forces of Destruction units within 6" also gain Frenzy -- both are lost as soon as a unit moves out of range.

A Wizard within 3" of the tower at the start of the Magic phase gains the Loremaster special rule for that phase. If more than one Wizard is within range, randomly choose which one controls the tower each Magic phase.

Every race or realm in Warhammer has its own Warhammer Armies book -- packed with history, painting guides, full rules and characteristic profiles for that army, and an army list you use to actually build your force.

Every model has a points value, set in its own army list -- the higher the cost, the better the model, whether that means stronger, tougher, faster, higher Leadership, better armour, or some combination. A humble Empire Spearman costs around 5 points; a mighty Dragon costs around 300. Most models have a basic cost that rises as you add equipment and upgrades.

Adding up every model's cost gives your army's total points value -- a useful yardstick for its overall effectiveness, since two hundred Goblins can be just as powerful a force as a score of heavily armoured Knights, even though that's not obvious just from looking at the models. Most games are played between armies of equal points value.

Before playing, agree on a points total with your opponent -- the total value of all models in each army must come to that amount or less (armies typically end up a little under, since it's hard to spend every last point exactly).

The size you pick depends how long you want to play: 2,000-3,000 points per side gives a full battle that's still done in an evening; 1,000 points or less plays in about an hour, good for smaller warband-sized games or trying out new units; 4,000 points or more can occupy the better part of a day.

Every army needs at least one Lord or Hero to serve as its General, representing you on the battlefield and issuing the orders behind every move, shot, spell, and attack your troops make. If your army includes both Lords and Heroes, the General must be one of your Lords.

An army needs at least one Core, Special, or Rare unit for every 500 points played, on top of any Lords and Heroes -- an army isn't much of an army without warriors to fill its ranks.

Every army list divides its units into several categories, each with its own limit on how large a share of your points it can take up.

At least 25% of your points must go on Core units -- the iconic backbone of every army, making up the bulk of any warhost. Unlike other categories, there's no upper limit on how much you can spend on Core. For every Core unit with the Expendable special rule you include, you must also include at least one Core unit without it.

Up to 50% of your points can go on Special units -- elite troops capable of anchoring a battleline or achieving great things in their own right.

Up to 25% of your points can go on Rare units -- the most unusual warriors an army fields, from mighty monsters to strange war machines, often powerful but demanding a canny general to use well.

Up to 25% of your points can go on Lords, up to 35% on Heroes, but no more than 35% total across both categories combined. Lords are your army's most powerful individuals, fearsome in martial or magical might; Heroes are a notch below, but still worth many ordinary warriors.

Some Lords and Heroes are Wizards with access to one or more Lores of Magic. You won't pick their actual spells until you deploy them, but note which Lore each Wizard uses on your army roster when you build your list.

Every Warhammer Armies book includes rules for several Special Characters -- famous, named individuals like Karl Franz, Grom the Paunch, or Vlad von Carstein. For army-building purposes, what matters most is that each is unique: an army can never include more than one copy of the same Special Character.

Some units are rare enough to carry a hard limit, shown in the army list as something like 0-1 or 0-2 -- meaning you may never include more of that unit than the number given.

Special and Rare choices also have a limit on how many duplicate units of the same type you can include, shown below -- this applies only to repeats of the same Special or Rare unit type, not to your total number of Special and Rare units overall, and is based on the unit type itself rather than its size or wargear. A character's Monster, Chariot, or Shrine mount that's itself a Special or Rare choice also counts toward this limit.

The Forces of Order share broadly the same goal -- building or rebuilding their own realms in peace and prosperity, even if "peace" is relative and they spend plenty of time fighting each other over borders and diplomatic insults. When a greater threat rises, they set their differences aside to face it together. The Forces of Order are: Bretonnia, Dwarfs, The Empire, High Elves, Lizardmen, and Wood Elves.

The Forces of Destruction exist to topple civilisation -- shattering cities, burning towns, despoiling holds -- and are no more unified among themselves than the Forces of Order, just as likely to turn on each other in service of a dark god, a scheme, or simple bloodlust. The Forces of Destruction are: Beastmen, Daemons of Chaos, Dark Elves, Orcs & Goblins, Skaven, Vampire Counts, and Warriors of Chaos.

A handful of races don't fit cleanly into either camp, marching to war in service of Order or Destruction as it suits them. The Non-aligned Forces are: Ogre Kingdoms.

In an alliance made up only of Trusted or Suspicious Allies, power and dispel dice generated by the Winds of Magic can be split between the allied armies however their controlling players wish, as long as it's agreed before any spell is cast. Dice generated by channelling, magic items, or other special abilities can only be used by the army that generated them.

If an alliance includes one or more Desperate Allies, power and dispel dice from the Winds of Magic must be split as equally as possible between the allied armies, as long as each has at least one Wizard -- rolling off to allocate any dice that can't be split evenly. Dice from channelling, magic items, or other special abilities can only be used by the army that generated them, and no Wizard may dispel an enemy spell that targets only Desperate Allies.

Each enemy unit reduced to half or less of its starting Unit Strength by the end of the battle is worth 50% of its own points cost in victory points.

Each enemy unit still on the table but fleeing, with more than half its starting Unit Strength remaining, is worth 50% of its own points cost.

Each enemy unit still on the table but fleeing, with half or less of its starting Unit Strength remaining, is worth 75% of its own points cost.

Each enemy unit that's been destroyed or has fled off the table entirely is worth 100% of its own points cost.

Each enemy character or monster left with half or less of its starting Wounds at the end of the battle is worth 50% of its own points cost.

Slaying the enemy General, or driving them off the table, scores an additional 100 victory points.

Every enemy standard bearer removed by a successful pursuit or slain in close combat scores an additional 25 victory points -- or 100 if it's the enemy's Battle Standard Bearer. A standard bearer killed by shooting, a spell, or anything else outside close combat scores nothing extra; the enemy is assumed to whisk the banner away before it can be seized.

Some scenarios add their own special rules -- extra abilities, restrictions, or effects -- grouped together and explained fully under each scenario's own Scenario Special Rules section.

A unit's victory-point value includes its basic cost plus any upgrades bought for it -- command group models, weapon or armour upgrades, mounts, and magic items. Where an army book lets a unit buy models that effectively act as their own separate unit (Night Goblin Fanatics or Skaven Weapon Teams, for instance), those are scored separately from the unit they were bought alongside.

Each player chooses their force from a Warhammer Armies book, to an equal points value agreed beforehand.

Set up terrain as described in the Fighting a Battle chapter.

Roll off for who picks a table half to deploy in -- the opponent takes the other half. Players alternate placing units, using the alternating units method of deployment, anywhere in their own half more than 12" from the centre line.

Roll off after deployment for the first turn -- whoever finished deploying first adds +1 to their roll, as usual.

The battle lasts six game turns, or until an agreed time limit is reached, whichever comes first.

Victory points determine the winner.

None.

Each player chooses their force from a Warhammer Armies book, to an equal points value agreed beforehand.

Set up terrain as described in the Fighting a Battle chapter.

Roll off for who picks a table half -- the opponent takes the other. The winner deploys their entire army first: before placing each unit, roll a die and consult the Deployment table below to see where it ends up, representing troops finding their way through the darkness. Units with the Scouts special rule skip this roll, deploying via their own rules after normal deployment finishes. A character may either roll independently as its own unit, or join a unit it's eligible for before that unit's own roll is made. Once the first player has finished, their opponent deploys the same way.

After deployment, the player who set up second rolls a die -- on a 6, they choose who takes the first turn; on 1-5, the player who set up first chooses instead.

The battle lasts six game turns, or until an agreed time limit is reached, whichever comes first.

Victory points determine the winner.

None.

Each player chooses their force from a Warhammer Armies book, to an equal points value agreed beforehand.

Set up terrain as described in the Fighting a Battle chapter. The battle is fought down the length of the table, in a narrow pass with impassable mountains just off each long table edge -- keep that in mind when placing terrain.

Roll off for who picks a table half -- the opponent takes the other. Unlike most pitched battles, the table is divided down its length rather than across its width. Players alternate placing units, using the alternating units method of deployment, anywhere in their own half more than 12" from the centre line.

Roll off after deployment for the first turn -- whoever finished deploying first adds +1 to their roll, as usual.

The battle lasts six game turns, or until an agreed time limit is reached, whichever comes first.

Victory points determine the winner.

Bottleneck. The pass is enclosed by high cliffs, so the long table edges count as impassable terrain. Fleeing units can still force their way through and off the table as normal, but no other unit (including reinforcements) may enter or leave via a long table edge unless it's Ethereal or a Flyer -- meaning any other pursuing or overrunning unit must stop 1" short of the long table edges.

Each player chooses their force from a Warhammer Armies book, to an equal points value agreed beforehand.

Set up terrain as described in the Fighting a Battle chapter.

Roll off for who chooses a table half -- the opponent takes the other. Players alternate placing units, using the alternating units method of deployment, anywhere in their own half more than 9" from both the centre line and either narrow table edge.

Roll off after deployment for the first turn -- whoever finished deploying first adds +1 to their roll, as usual.

The game ends at the end of the 6th game turn, or as soon as an army breaks -- immediately, once its Fortitude drops to or below its Breaking Point (see Scenario Special Rules).

Whichever army breaks the enemy first wins. If neither breaks by the end of the game, or both break simultaneously, victory points decide the winner instead.

Breaking Point. An army's breaking point is 1 for every 1,000 points in the army, rounded up -- 1 for up to 1,000 points, 2 for 1,001-2,000, and so on.

Fortitude. An army's fortitude equals its current number of standards (including the battle standard) plus 2 for its General -- fleeing units and units temporarily off the table still count. For example, a 2,000-point army (breaking point 2) with three unit standards, a battle standard, and a General starts with fortitude 6 (3+1+2), and breaks once that drops to 2.

Each player chooses their force from a Warhammer Armies book, to an equal points value agreed beforehand.

Set up terrain as described in the Fighting a Battle chapter.

The table is divided corner to corner into two triangular halves. Roll off -- the winner picks which two opposite corners to use and which half each player deploys in. The winner then deploys their entire army first: roll a die for every separate unit (including each character and war machine) -- a roll of 1 holds that unit back as a Reserve (see Scenario Special Rules). Every unit that isn't held back is then deployed anywhere in its own half more than 6" from the centre line. Once the first player has finished, their opponent deploys the same way.

After deployment, the player who set up second rolls a die -- on a 6, they choose who takes the first turn; on 1-5, the player who set up first chooses instead.

The battle lasts six game turns, or until an agreed time limit is reached, whichever comes first.

Victory points determine the winner.

Reserves. Reserve units don't deploy at the start of the battle -- their controller can bring them on during any turn of their choosing, using the Reinforcements rules, entering anywhere along the long table edge of their own deployment zone.

Each player chooses their force from a Warhammer Armies book, to an equal points value agreed beforehand.

Set up the watchtower first, then the rest of the terrain as described in the Fighting a Battle chapter.

A building is set up at the centre of the table -- any building model works, though a Warhammer Watchtower is ideal; use any other terrain feature if you don't have one.

Roll off for who controls the watchtower at the start of the battle -- that player may garrison it with a single Core infantry unit of no more than 20 models, which can't voluntarily leave before the end of the first game turn. The other player then picks a table half to deploy in. Players alternate placing units -- starting with whoever doesn't control the watchtower -- using the alternating units method of deployment, anywhere in their own half more than 12" from the centre line.

Whoever doesn't control the watchtower takes the first turn.

Starting at the end of game turn 4, roll a D6 at the end of every game turn and add the turn number -- on a total of 10 or more, the battle ends immediately; otherwise it continues for at least one more turn.

Whoever controls the watchtower at the end of the battle wins -- control is decided by comparing the combined Unit Strength of each side's non-fleeing units within 6" of it (a unit actually garrisoning the tower counts double, up to a maximum of +20). The higher total controls it and wins. If neither side can claim control, victory points decide instead.

None.

If a Lore of Beasts spell targets one or more units of war beasts, cavalry, monstrous beasts, monstrous cavalry, chariots, monsters, swarms, or any unit from Warhammer: Beastmen, the casting difficulty is reduced by 1.

Signature Spell. Augment, range 12". The target unit gains +1 Strength and +1 Toughness until the start of the caster's next Magic phase. May instead extend range to 24", increasing the casting value to 13+.

Magic missile, range 24", 3D6 Strength 2 hits. May instead extend range to 48", increasing the casting value to 9+.

Augment, cast on the Wizard or another friendly character within 12", which gains +3 Toughness until the start of the caster's next Magic phase. May instead extend range to 24", increasing the casting value to 11+.

Magic missile, range 24". A single Strength 6 hit with Multiple Wounds (D3) and Ignores Armour Saves that penetrates ranks like a bolt thrower shot if the first model is slain (Strength reduced by 1 per subsequent rank). May instead cause a Strength 10 hit with Multiple Wounds (D6), increasing the casting value to 15+.

Hex, range 24". The target unit suffers -1 To Hit (shooting and close combat) until the start of the caster's next Magic phase, and treats all terrain other than open/impassable as dangerous terrain, failing Dangerous Terrain tests on a 1 or 2. May instead extend range to 48", increasing the casting value to 12+.

Augment, range 12", cast on a friendly character (which can be the Wizard). The character (not its mount) gains +3 Strength and +3 Attacks until the start of the caster's next Magic phase. May instead extend range to 24", increasing the casting value to 13+.

Augment, cast only on the Wizard, and only while on foot. The Wizard transforms into a Monster (M6 WS6 BS0 S6 T6 W6 I3 A5 Ld8) with Fly (7) and Breath Weapon (Strength 4, Flaming Attacks); if in a unit, they may remain in it (the spell fails if there is not enough room). While transformed the Wizard cannot channel or cast, and their magic items and mundane equipment stop working; wounds do not carry over between forms. The Wizard may end the spell at the start of any of their own Magic phases.

When a Lore of Death spell resolves, roll a D6 for each unsaved Wound it caused (models removed by the Purple Sun of Xereus each add a number of dice equal to their Wounds characteristic). For each 6 rolled, the Wizard immediately adds a dice to their army's power pool.

Signature Spell. Direct damage, range 12", targets a single enemy model (even a character in a unit). Both caster and target roll a D6 and add their Leadership; for every point the caster wins by, the target suffers a Wound which Ignores Armour Saves. May instead extend range to 24", increasing the casting value to 10+.

Augment, range 24". The target unit gains Fear until the start of the caster's next Magic phase (Terror instead if it already causes Fear). May instead grant Terror directly, increasing the casting value to 9+.

Direct damage, range 12", targets a single enemy model (even a character in a unit), which suffers a number of hits equal to 2D6 minus its own Strength; hits wound on a 4+ and Ignore Armour Saves. May instead extend range to 24", increasing the casting value to 9+.

Hex, range 18". The target suffers -1 Strength and -1 Toughness (minimum 1) until the start of the caster's next Magic phase. May instead extend range to 36", increasing the casting value to 13+.

Remains in play. Hex, range 24". The target suffers -3 Leadership. May instead extend range to 48", increasing the casting value to 13+.

Direct damage, range 12", targets a single enemy model (even a character in a unit), which suffers a number of hits equal to 2D6 minus its own Toughness; hits wound on a 2+ and Ignore Armour Saves. A surviving target is subject to Stupidity for the remainder of the game.

Remains in play. A magical vortex using the small round template. Roll an artillery dice, multiply by 3, for the distance it moves each turn in a chosen direction; models touched must pass an Initiative test or be slain outright (no saves except Magic Resistance). A misfire centres the template on the caster, which then moves via a scatter dice and D6". In later turns the vortex moves a random direction and distance (via artillery dice each turn); a misfire in a later turn causes it to collapse and be removed. May instead use the large round template, increasing the casting value to 25+.

All Lore of Fire spells are Flaming Attacks. If a direct damage or magic missile spell from this Lore hits a unit already hit by a Lore of Fire direct damage/magic missile spell in the same Magic phase (even from a different Wizard), it inflicts an additional D6 hits.

Signature Spell. Magic missile, range 24", D6 Strength 4 hits. May instead extend range to 36" and increase hits to 2D6, increasing the casting value to 10+, or extend range to 48" and increase hits to 3D6, increasing the casting value to 15+.

Remains in play. Augment, range 12". At the end of each Magic phase, any enemy unit in base contact with the target suffers 2D6 Strength 4 hits. May instead extend range to 24", increasing the casting value to 8+.

Augment, range 24". The target unit (except mounts) gains +1 To Wound with all attacks and the Magical Attacks and Flaming Attacks special rules until the start of the caster's next Magic phase. May instead extend range to 48", increasing the casting value to 11+.

Direct damage. Extend an 18" line within the caster's front arc directly away from their base; each model in the way (as for a bouncing cannonball) suffers a Strength 4 hit. A unit suffering casualties must take a Panic test. May instead extend the bounce to 36", increasing the casting value to 13+.

Magic missile, range 24", D3 Strength 4 hits for each rank (including incomplete ranks) in the target unit. May instead extend range to 48", increasing the casting value to 13+.

Hex, range 24". The target unit immediately suffers D6 Strength 4 hits. If it moves, flees or pursues, every model in it suffers a Strength 4 hit and the spell ends; otherwise it ends automatically at the start of the caster's next Magic phase. May instead extend range to 48", increasing the casting value to 14+.

Direct damage. Place the small template anywhere within 30" of the caster; it scatters D6". All models hit suffer a Strength 4 hit. May instead use the large template (scattering 2D6" instead), increasing the casting value to 16+.

When a Lore of Heavens spell is successfully cast, roll a D6; on a 4+ the Wizard may re-roll one dice (a casting result or a spell's number of Hits) for a further spell cast this Magic phase.

Signature Spell. Hex, range 24". The target suffers -1 Weapon Skill, Ballistic Skill and Leadership until the start of the caster's next Magic phase. Shooting attacks not using Ballistic Skill must roll 4+ before firing or the shot is lost (this is an Ice Attack). May instead extend range to 48", increasing the casting value to 10+.

Augment, range 24". The target unit re-rolls To Hit, To Wound and armour save rolls of 1 until the start of the caster's next Magic phase. May instead target all friendly units within 12", increasing the casting value to 12+.

Magic missile, range 24". The target is pushed 2D3" directly away (facing unchanged); if it contacts impassable terrain or another unit it stops 1" short and both suffer D6 Strength 3 hits; a target that cannot move still suffers D6 Strength 3 hits. May instead push 2D6", increasing the casting value to 14+.

Hex, range 24". The target must re-roll all 6s when rolling To Hit, To Wound and armour saves until the start of the caster's next Magic phase. May instead target all enemy units within 12", increasing the casting value to 20+.

Magic missile, range 24", D6 Strength 6 hits with Lightning Attacks. May instead extend range to 48", increasing the casting value to 14+.

Cast on any fixed point on the table (mark it). At the start of each following Magic phase, roll a D6: on a 1-3 nothing happens (place another marker on the point); on a 4-6 the comet strikes -- all units within 2D6" of the point suffer 2D6 hits (+1 hit per marker) at Strength 4 plus the number of markers. Cannot be dispelled once cast. May instead start with two markers, adding two more each time the comet fails to land, increasing the casting value to 24+.

Direct damage, range 24", D6 Strength 6 hits with Lightning Attacks. After resolving, roll a D6; on a 3+ choose an enemy unit within 6" of the target, which suffers D6 Strength 6 hits -- keep rolling for further targets within 6" of the last one struck until a roll is failed or none remain (a unit can only be hit once per Magic phase by this spell).

When a Lore of Life spell is successfully cast, the Wizard (or another friendly model within 12") instantly recovers a single Wound lost earlier in the battle.

Signature Spell. Augment, cast on the Wizard and the unit they are with, which gains Regeneration (5+) until the start of the caster's next Magic phase. May instead target a unit within 12", which gains Regeneration (6+) instead.

Direct damage, range 18", D6 Strength 4 hits (2D6 if the target is within 3" of a forest).

Augment, range 24". The target unit gains +2 Toughness until the start of the caster's next Magic phase.

Remains in play. Augment cast on the Wizard. While in effect, every time the Wizard miscasts, roll a D6; on a 4+ the miscast is ignored. In addition, if also cast this phase: Earth Blood grants +1 to the target's Regeneration save, Awakening of the Wood instead hits at Strength 5, Flesh to Stone instead adds +3 Toughness, Regrowth instead restores D6+1 Wounds worth of models, and Shield of Thorns instead hits at Strength 4 (does not retroactively change spells already cast).

Remains in play. Augment, range 24". At the end of each Magic phase, any enemy unit in base contact with the target suffers 2D6 Strength 3 hits.

Augment, range 24". The target unit instantly recovers D3+1 Wounds' worth of models slain earlier in the battle (cavalry count as 2 models each), restored in order: musician, then standard bearer, then multi-Wound rank-and-file topped up, then remaining wounds resurrect rank-and-file models. Cannot exceed the unit's starting size, and cannot heal characters or their mounts. May instead extend range to 48", increasing the casting value to 12+.

Direct damage, range 12". Every model in the target unit must pass a Strength test or be slain (no saves except Magic Resistance). May instead extend range to 24", increasing the casting value to 21+.

When attempting to cast a Lore of Light spell, the Wizard may take a Leadership test using their own Leadership value. If passed, add +1 to the casting result; if failed, suffer -1 instead.

Signature Spell. Magic missile, range 24", D6 Strength 4 hits (Flaming Attacks), increased to 2D6 against models with Daemonic, Undead or Vampiric. May instead extend range to 48" and increase Strength to 6, increasing the casting value to 12+.

Augment, range 24". All attacks (shooting or close combat) against the target unit suffer -1 To Hit until the start of the caster's next Magic phase; shooting attacks not using Ballistic Skill must roll 4+ before firing or the shot is lost. May instead target all friendly units within 12", increasing the casting value to 12+.

Augment, range 24". The target unit gains Always Strikes First until the start of the caster's next Magic phase. May instead target all friendly units within 12", increasing the casting value to 16+.

Augment, range 12". A fleeing target unit rallies immediately, and passes all Leadership tests (regardless of modifiers) until the start of the caster's next Magic phase. May instead extend range to 24", increasing the casting value to 12+.

Hex, range 24". Every time the target unit moves, shoots or casts spells (until the start of the caster's next Magic phase) it must pass a Strength test or fail to act, remaining in place and taking D6 Strength 4 hits (2D6 against Daemonic, Undead or Vampiric). May instead extend range to 48", increasing the casting value to 13+.

Magic missile, range 24", 2D6 hits (3D6 against Daemonic, Undead or Vampiric) at Strength 4 plus the number of other Wizards within 12" of the caster who know Lore of Light spells. Successful Ward saves against this spell must be re-rolled. May instead extend range to 48", increasing the casting value to 13+.

Augment, range 18". The target's Movement is doubled, Initiative raised to 10, and Attacks increased by 1 until the start of the caster's next Magic phase. May instead extend range to 36", increasing the casting value to 17+.

The casting difficulty for a Lore of Metal spell is lowered by 1 if the majority of models in the target unit have light or medium armour, or by 2 if the majority have heavy or full plate armour. Roll a D6 in case of a tie.

Signature Spell. Magic missile, range 24", D6 hits with Ignores Armour Saves and Flaming Attacks. To Wound equals the target's unmodified armour save (excluding Natural Armour); models without an armour save cannot be wounded. May instead inflict 2D6 hits, increasing the casting value to 20+.

Hex, range 24". The target's armour save (excluding Natural Armour) is permanently lowered by 1; can be cast repeatedly on the same target for a further -1 each time. May instead extend range to 48", increasing the casting value to 10+.

Augment, range 24". Until the start of the caster's next Magic phase, the target unit (except mounts) gains +1 To Hit, Armour Piercing (1) and Magical Attacks with all attacks. May instead extend range to 48", increasing the casting value to 12+.

Augment, range 12". The target unit gains Natural Armour (5+) until the start of the caster's next Magic phase. May instead extend range to 24", increasing the casting value to 12+.

Direct damage, range 12", targets a single enemy model (even a character in a unit -- "Look Out, Sir!" cannot be used), which suffers D6 Strength 5 hits. May instead extend range to 24", increasing the casting value to 12+.

Hex, range 24". The target suffers -1 Weapon Skill, Ballistic Skill and armour saves until the start of the caster's next Magic phase. May instead extend range to 48", increasing the casting value to 15+.

Direct damage, range 18". Roll a D6 for every model in the target unit; on a 5+ it is turned to gold and removed as a casualty (no saves except Magic Resistance); models with more than one Wound are only affected on a 6. Any enemy unit within 12" of the target (including the target) at the start of their following turn must test for Stupidity, unless it has Immunity (Psychology), or is a War Beast, Monstrous Beast or Monster. May instead extend range to 36", increasing the casting value to 18+.

After a Lore of Shadow spell is successfully cast and resolved, the casting Wizard may immediately move (not march) using Fly (10) as if it were the Remaining Moves sub-phase, even if in close combat.

Signature Spell. Hex, range 24". The target unit's Weapon Skill, Ballistic Skill, Initiative or Movement (chosen by the caster) is reduced by D3 (minimum 1) until the start of the caster's next Magic phase. May instead reduce all four characteristics (one roll applied to all), increasing the casting value to 10+.

Augment, cast on an Infantry character (including the Wizard) within 12". The target immediately moves using Fly (10) as if it were the Remaining Moves sub-phase, and counts as Ethereal against missile attacks until the start of the caster's next Magic phase.

Remains in play. Hex, range 18". All models in the target unit have Strength reduced by D3 (minimum 1) for the duration of the spell. May instead extend range to 36", increasing the casting value to 13+.

Remains in play. Hex, range 18". All models in the target unit have Toughness reduced by D3 (minimum 1) for the duration of the spell. May instead extend range to 36", increasing the casting value to 16+.

Direct damage. Extend a 24" line directly away from the caster; each model in the way (as for a bouncing cannonball) must pass an Initiative test or suffer a Strength 10 hit with Multiple Wounds (D3). May instead extend range to 48", increasing the casting value to 18+.

Direct damage. Place the small template anywhere within 24"; it scatters D6". Models under the template must pass an Initiative test or be removed as a casualty (no saves except Magic Resistance). May instead use the large template (scattering 2D6" instead), increasing the casting value to 17+.

Augment, range 18". Until the start of the caster's next Magic phase, the target unit (except mounts) uses its Leadership instead of Strength when rolling To Wound in close combat (weapon Strength bonuses ignored); armour saves are still modified by the attack's actual Strength. May instead extend range to 36", increasing the casting value to 21+.

The bearer can never lose their Frenzy.

• Points: 15
• Range: close combat
• Special Rules: Frenzy

Armour Piercing (1).

• Points: 5
• Range: close combat
• Special Rules: Armour Piercing

Armour Piercing (3).

• Points: 15
• Range: close combat
• Special Rules: Armour Piercing

Armour Piercing (2).

• Points: 10
• Range: close combat
• Special Rules: Armour Piercing

Multiple Wounds (D3).

• Points: 20
• Range: close combat
• Special Rules: Multiple Wounds

Any successful To Hit rolls in close combat with this sword are multiplied into 2 Hits.

• Points: 60
• Range: close combat

Two hand weapons. The bearer's Weapon Skill becomes 10.

• Points: 25
• Range: close combat
• Attacks: +1
• Requires two hands
• Parry Save: 6+

+3 Strength

• Points: 45
• Range: close combat
• Strength: +3

Ignores Armour.

• Points: 25
• Range: close combat
• Special Rules: Ignores Armour Saves

+2 Strength

• Points: 30
• Range: close combat
• Strength: +2

5+ Parry

• Points: 20
• Range: close combat
• Parry Save: 5+

Attacks made with this sword always wound on a 3+, unless a lower result would normally be needed.

• Points: 20
• Range: close combat

• Points: 15
• Range: close combat
• Special Rules: Fear

The bearer has +1 Strength and +1 Attack for every enemy character in base contact with them or their unit. Recalculated at the start of each round of close combat and lasts until its end.

• Points: 30
• Range: close combat

+1 Attack

• Points: 15
• Range: close combat
• Attacks: +1

+3 Attacks

• Points: 45
• Range: close combat
• Attacks: +3

Immunity (Psychology). Extends to any unit the bearer is with.

• Points: 20
• Range: close combat
• Special Rules: Immunity

+1 Strength

• Points: 15
• Range: close combat
• Strength: +1

+2 Attacks

• Points: 30
• Range: close combat
• Attacks: +2

Attacks made with this sword receive a +1 bonus to hit.

• Points: 15
• Range: close combat

Always Strikes First

• Points: 25
• Range: close combat
• Special Rules: Always Strikes First

A monster or character that suffers an unsaved wound from this sword has the Stupidity special rule for the rest of the game.

• Points: 5
• Range: close combat

Poisoned Attacks

• Points: 10
• Range: close combat
• Special Rules: Poisoned Attacks

A monster or character that suffers unsaved wounds from this weapon permanently loses one Attack per unsaved wound, to a minimum of 1 Attack.

• Points: 5
• Range: close combat

Counts as heavy armour, replacing any mundane body armour worn.

• Points: 50
• Armour Save: 4+
• Missile Save: 4+
• Ward Save: 4+

Counts as medium armour, replacing any mundane body armour worn.

• Points: 35
• Armour Save: 5+
• Missile Save: 5+
• Ward Save: 5+

Counts as heavy armour, replacing any mundane body armour worn. Grants the wearer +1 Toughness.

• Points: 30
• Armour Save: 4+
• Missile Save: 4+

Counts as heavy armour, replacing any mundane body armour worn. Grants a 2+ armour save that cannot be improved by any means.

• Points: 25
• Armour Save: 2+
• Missile Save: 2+

Counts as a shield. The first hit suffered by the bearer is ignored on a roll of 2+.

• Points: 5
• Armour Save: 6+
• Missile Save: 6+
• Parry Save: 6+

Immunity (Flaming Attacks). Stacks with the wearer's regular body armour and shield.

• Points: 10
• Armour Save: 6+
• Special Rules: Immunity

Counts as a shield, but grants +2 to armour save (in close combat) rather than the usual +1.

• Points: 10
• Armour Save: 5+
• Missile Save: 6+
• Parry Save: 6+

Counts as medium armour, replacing any mundane body armour worn.

• Points: 20
• Armour Save: 5+
• Missile Save: 5+
• Ward Save: 6+

Counts as light armour, replacing any mundane body armour worn. Enemies suffer -1 To Hit against the wearer in close combat.

• Points: 25
• Armour Save: 6+
• Missile Save: 6+

Stacks with the wearer's regular body armour and shield. At the start of each Close Combat phase, choose an enemy character in base contact with the bearer or their unit; that character must pass a Leadership test or be unable to make attacks and be hit automatically for that phase.

• Points: 20
• Armour Save: 6+

Counts as a shield. Grants a 1+ armour save specifically against shooting attacks.

• Points: 20
• Armour Save: 6+
• Missile Save: 1+
• Parry Save: 6+

Counts as a shield. Magic Resistance (1).

• Points: 15
• Armour Save: 6+
• Missile Save: 6+
• Parry Save: 6+
• Special Rules: Magic Resistance

Any successful roll to wound made against the wearer must be re-rolled. Stacks with the wearer's regular body armour and shield.

• Points: 35
• Armour Save: 6+

The bearer re-rolls failed armour saves.

• Points: 25

Immunity (Flaming Attacks).

• Points: 5
• Special Rules: Immunity

Allows the bearer to re-roll a single failed armour or Ward save.

• Points: 5

Magic Resistance (2).

• Points: 20
• Special Rules: Magic Resistance

Magic Resistance (3).

• Points: 30
• Special Rules: Magic Resistance

Magic Resistance (1).

• Points: 10
• Special Rules: Magic Resistance

The Ward save (2+) only applies against the first wound suffered by the bearer; its power then fades for the rest of the game.

• Points: 15
• Ward Save: 2+

6+ Regeneration

• Points: 10
• Regeneration Save: 6+

5+ Ward

• Points: 30
• Ward Save: 5+

4+ Ward Save

• Points: 45
• Ward Save: 4+

6+ Ward

• Points: 15
• Ward Save: 6+

Loremaster for the Wizard's own chosen Lore.

• Points: 20
• Special Rules: Loremaster

The Wizard adds +1 to all of their channelling attempts.

• Points: 30

When an enemy casts a spell, the bearer may read this instead of attempting to dispel with dispel dice, giving 6 free dispel dice for that attempt (cannot combine with other dispel dice; Ultimate Power applies as normal). In addition, roll a D6: on a 4+ the spell is destroyed and the enemy must discard it for the rest of the game.

• Points: 35

When an enemy spell has been cast, the wizard may read this instead of attempting to dispel with dispel dice, giving 6 free dispel dice for that attempt (cannot combine with other dispel dice; Ultimate Power applies as normal). May also be used to dispel spells that Remain in Play.

• Points: 25

If the Wizard rolls on the Miscast table, they may choose to re-roll the result.

• Points: 15

When an enemy spell has been cast, the Wizard may read this instead of attempting to dispel it. The spell is cast as normal, but afterwards roll a dice for every dice used to cast it; the casting wizard suffers 1 Wound (Ignores Armour Saves) for every result of 5+.

• Points: 35

Adds +D6 dice to the power pool at the start of the caster's own magic phase, but inflicts 1 Wound (Ignores Armour Saves) on the bearer.

• Points: 15

May be read instead of attempting to dispel whenever an enemy wizard successfully casts a spell. The casting wizard must pass a Leadership test or you may choose the spell's target yourself (the spell is still considered cast by the original wizard).

• Points: 15

The bearer may re-roll all dice rolled to cast or dispel a spell (this can cancel or cause a miscast, Ultimate Power, etc.).

• Points: 10

May be used against any enemy spell that directly targets a friendly unit. Roll 3D6 from the centre of the unit -- the spell scatters that distance in a random direction; if it ends up over another unit, that unit becomes the target instead, otherwise the spell has no effect.

• Points: 20

Adds one Power Die in each of your Magic phases. Only the owner may use this die.

• Points: 20

During one casting attempt, any roll of a double (except 1s) counts as a 6 for resolving Ultimate Power.

• Points: 15

Declare use immediately before casting a spell to add +D3 dice to the power dice rolled for that spell (still requires rolling at least one dice from the power pool).

• Points: 10

At the end of each magic phase (yours and the enemy's), you may store up to three unused power/dispel dice from the pool in the rod. At the start of each following magic phase, roll a dice: if equal to or higher than the number stored, add them to the pool; otherwise they are lost.

• Points: 30

The bearer gains a +1 bonus to the result of their spell dispelling attempts.

• Points: 20

When an enemy spell has been cast, the Wizard may read this instead of attempting to dispel it. The spell is cast as normal, but afterwards the bearer adds dispel dice to their pool equal to the number of dice used to cast the spell.

• Points: 25

When an enemy spell has been cast, the Wizard may read this instead of attempting to dispel it. The spell is cast as normal, but its target is granted Magic Resistance (3) against that spell.

• Points: 10

When an enemy spell has been cast, the Wizard may read this instead of attempting to dispel it. The spell is cast as normal, but the enemy wizard must roll equal to or under their Wizard Level on a D6 or be turned into a small toad -- unable to cast, channel, or use magic items/mundane equipment, and reduced to characteristic 1 (except Wounds) -- until a D6 roll of 4+ at the start of a later magic phase.

• Points: 35

The Wizard knows one additional spell from those normally allowed to them.

• Points: 10

May be used whenever you successfully dispel an enemy spell (except Bound Spells). The bearer may cast that spell themselves for the rest of the game (limited by their Wizard Level as normal), even from a lore not normally available to them.

• Points: 10

May be used against any enemy spell that directly targets a friendly unit. The enemy spell has no effect.

• Points: 25

Declare use at the start of one of your magic phases. For that phase, whenever one of the bearer's spells is dispelled by an enemy wizard, roll a D6: on a 4+ that wizard suffers a wound with no armour saves allowed.

• Points: 20

The bearer gains a +1 bonus to the result of their spell casting attempts.

• Points: 20

The bearer may use one more dice than normally allowed when casting a spell.

• Points: 10

Infantry models on foot only. The owner cannot join units.

• Points: 25
• Special Rules: Fly

Model on foot only. Grants the wearer Movement 10.

• Points: 20
• Special Rules: Strider, Swiftstride

Grants Stubborn to the bearer and any unit they join, for as long as the bearer remains with the unit.

• Points: 40
• Special Rules: Stubborn

After deployment zones are agreed but before deploying, place a watchtower building (max 10x10cm base) in your deployment zone, treated as a standard building. Cannot be taken if you have no suitable building model.

• Points: 100

Drunk at the start of the controlling player's turn. The model immediately recovers D3 Wounds (ignoring additional Wounds from mounts), up to its starting value.

• Points: 25

Grants the bearer (and any unit they are with) this Ward save (6+) specifically against war machine weapons.

• Points: 5
• Ward Save: 6+

At the start of any close combat phase, the bearer may swap their current number of Wounds with that of any one enemy model in base contact; the effect lasts the rest of the game.

• Points: 30

Remains in Play.

• Points: 30
• Bound Spell (Power Level 4): Orb of Thunder (hex) -- While in play, no models may use their Fly special rule and must move on the ground at their normal Movement rate.

Drunk at the start of any phase. The character gains +D3 Attacks until the end of the turn.

• Points: 10

Drunk at the start of any phase. The character gains +D3 Strength until the end of the turn.

• Points: 10

Drunk at the start of any phase. The character gains +D3 Toughness until the end of the turn.

• Points: 10

• Points: 35
• Bound Spell (Power Level 4): Fireball -- Signature Spell. Magic missile, range 24", D6 Strength 4 hits. May instead extend range to 36" and increase hits to 2D6, increasing the casting value to 10+, or extend range to 48" and increase hits to 3D6, increasing the casting value to 15+.

The bearer, and all units (friend and foe) in base contact with them, must re-roll successful Ward saves.

• Points: 25

Other models can never use the wearer's Leadership.

• Points: 25
• Special Rules: Terror

The model gains an additional Strength 3 Attack, not benefiting from any weapon used by the character. Does not count against the character's normal magic item points allowance, and another Enchanted Item may still be taken in addition to this one.

• Points: 5

The wearer is treated as a Level 2 Wizard using a randomly chosen spell lore, but also has the Stupidity special rule.

• Points: 75
• Special Rules: Stupidity

A unit with this standard re-rolls failed Break tests.

• Points: 15

• Points: 50
• Special Rules: Stubborn

A unit with this standard gains +1 to their Leadership when taking Rally tests.

• Points: 5

• Points: 10
• Special Rules: Flaming Attacks

A unit with this standard gains +1 To Hit in the first round of close combat.

• Points: 55

• Points: 20
• Special Rules: Swiftstride

Immunity (Panic).

• Points: 20
• Special Rules: Immunity

A unit with this standard adds +D6 to combat resolution, rolled each time it is used.

• Points: 70

• Points: 25
• Special Rules: Fear

A unit with this standard can re-roll its first failed Leadership test.

• Points: 5

Magic Resistance (1).

• Points: 10
• Special Rules: Magic Resistance

A unit with this standard can re-roll its charge distance dice.

• Points: 35

If the unit is mounted, its mount also benefits from Strider.

• Points: 25
• Special Rules: Strider

Armour Piercing (1).

• Points: 30
• Special Rules: Armour Piercing

Only causes Fear in models with the Fly special rule.

• Points: 5
• Special Rules: Fear

Magic Resistance (2).

• Points: 20
• Special Rules: Magic Resistance

A unit with this standard has +1 Leadership, but cannot use the General's Inspiring Presence special rule. If the General joins this unit, other units using Inspiring Presence do not benefit from the +1 Leadership.

• Points: 15

The Ward save (6+) only applies against missile attacks.

• Points: 25
• Ward Save: 6+

• Points: 50
• Special Rules: Terror

A unit with this standard adds +1 to combat resolution.

• Points: 20